TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งฌ ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ (biotechnology policy) is the language of innovation with guardrails: how society supports science while protecting people.
- ๐ก๏ธ Core terms include ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ (public safety), ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ (risk management), ๊ท์ ํ (regulatory framework), and ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ (approval process).
- โ๏ธ Strong advanced answers do not simply praise or fear biotechnology; they explain the balance between ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ (technological innovation) and ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ ์ (social responsibility).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Type any Korean term or full policy sentence from this lesson into Korean Helper Widgets to hear it read aloud. Long Sino-Korean compounds like ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ (risk assessment) and ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ (approval process) become much friendlier after your ears meet them. ๐งช
๐ The Big Picture
Biotechnology can help create new treatments, vaccines, diagnostic tools, agricultural solutions, and environmental technologies. But because it affects bodies, genes, food systems, ecosystems, medical data, and public trust, it cannot be treated like an ordinary gadget launch. ๐งซ
That is where ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
(biotechnology policy) comes in. Policy language asks: Who can develop the technology? Who reviews it? What risks must be tested? What happens if harm occurs? And how can innovation continue without sacrificing ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ (public safety)? ๐ก๏ธ
For advanced vocabulary, the key is relationship language. You are not only memorizing nouns; you are learning which nouns naturally pair with formal verbs: ์ํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค (to manage risk), ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (to verify safety), ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค (to go through an approval process), and ๊ท์ ํ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค (to establish a regulatory framework). Tiny policy gears, very serious little machines. โ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Biotechnology Policy Family
๐งฌ Technology and policy nouns
- ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ / ์๋ช ๊ณตํ ๊ธฐ์ โ biotechnology; technology based on biological systems, genes, cells, organisms, or medical research.
- ๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ฐ์ โ biotech industry; companies and institutions that develop biotechnology products or services.
- ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ technological innovation; new methods, products, or systems that create practical value.
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ฐฉํฅ โ policy direction; the overall approach a government or institution chooses.
๐ก๏ธ Safety and risk nouns
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ โ public safety; safety for society as a whole, not just one individual.
- ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ risk management; identifying, reducing, and monitoring possible harm.
- ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ โ risk assessment; a formal evaluation of how risky a technology, trial, product, or process may be.
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification; checking whether something is safe enough to use or approve.
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect; an unwanted effect, especially in medical or biological contexts.
๐ Regulation and approval nouns
- ๊ท์ ํ / ๊ท์ ์ฒด๊ณ โ regulatory framework/system; the rules and institutions that control how a technology is tested, approved, sold, or used.
- ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ โ approval process; the steps required before a technology, drug, trial, or product receives formal permission.
- ์์์ํ โ clinical trial; research involving human participants to test safety and effectiveness.
- ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ post-approval monitoring/management; supervision after something is approved or released.
- ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ โ disclosure of information; making relevant information transparent to the public or stakeholders.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ ์ฝ์ ์์ฅ์ ์ถ์๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์๊ฒฉํ ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ค.
- ์ ์ฝ means โnew drug,โ ์์ฅ์ ์ถ์๋๋ค means โto be released to the market,โ and ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค means โto go throughโ a step or process.
(A new drug must go through a strict approval process before being released to the market.) ๐
- ์ ์ ์ ํธ์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํ๋๋ ์๋ก ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์์ฑ๋ ์ปค์ง๋ค.
- ํ๋๋ ์๋ก means โthe more it expands,โ and ์ค์์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ค means โimportance grows.โ
(As gene-editing technology expands, the importance of risk management also grows.) ๐งฌ
- ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ ๊ท์ ํ์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
- ์ง์ํ๋ means โsupport, but with a condition/limit,โ and ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค means โto prepare/establishโ a system, measure, or framework.
(The government should support technological innovation while establishing a regulatory framework that ensures public safety.) ๐๏ธ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This lesson is vocabulary-focused, so there is no special verb irregular being taught. The main formation skill is formal collocation: choosing the noun + verb pair that sounds natural in policy Korean. ๐งฒ
- Risk noun + management verb
- ์ํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค (to manage risk)
- ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ต์ํํ๋ค (to minimize side effects)
- ์ ์ฌ์ ์ํ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค (to identify potential risk)
- Safety noun + verification/protection verb
- ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (to verify safety)
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค (to ensure public safety)
- ์๋น์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค (to protect consumers)
- Policy noun + institutional verb
- ๊ท์ ํ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค (to establish a regulatory framework)
- ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค (to improve an approval process)
- ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๋ค (to expand information disclosure)
๐ Cross-check note
Key vocabulary and formal usage in this lesson were checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr, including public-language and specialized-term guidance for policy vocabulary such as ์ ์ฑ
, ๊ท์ , ์น์ธ, ์์ ์ฑ, ์ํ์ฑ, and ์๋ช
๊ณตํ. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ (biotechnology; common in industry/news) vs. ์๋ช ๊ณตํ ๊ธฐ์ (biotechnology; more formal/academic)
- ๊ท์ ํ (regulatory framework; metaphorical โframeโ) vs. ๊ท์ ์ฒด๊ณ (regulatory system; more institutional)
- ์น์ธ (approval after review; institutional) vs. ํ๊ฐ (permission/authorization; broader legal use)
- ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ (risk assessment; formal evaluation) vs. ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ (risk management; ongoing control)
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ (public safety; society-level) vs. ๊ฐ์ธ ์์ (individual safety; person-level)
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๊ท์น = ๊ท์ โ โ ๊ท์น is a general rule; ๊ท์ is institutional/legal control. ๐ฆ
- โ ์น์ธ and ํ๊ฐ are always interchangeable โ โ ์น์ธ often emphasizes review and acceptance; ํ๊ฐ emphasizes permission by authority. ๐๏ธ
- โ ์์ and ์์ ์ฑ are identical โ โ ์์ is safety itself; ์์ ์ฑ is the quality/degree of being safe, often tested or verified. ๐งช
- โ ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ happens after problems occur โ โ It is usually done before approval or use to identify possible risks. ๐
- โ A strong policy answer only lists benefits โ โ Advanced Korean policy writing usually balances ํ์ (innovation), ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ (risk management), and ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ (social trust). โ๏ธ
Biotechnology policy vocabulary lets you sound precise, calm, and publicly responsible โ like your microscope brought a helmet, a clipboard, and a conscience. ๐ฌ๐
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural policy term. Read the full Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the collocation and meaning.
1. ์ ์ฝ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ ์น์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ค.
A new drug must go through an approval process before release. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฐจ โ ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ means โapproval process,โ and ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค naturally means โto go throughโ a process.
2. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค.
The government prepared a policy to ensure public safety. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ means safety for society as a whole.
3. ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The safety of the new technology must be sufficiently verified. ๐งช
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค is the natural formal phrase.
4. ์ ์ ์ ํธ์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ๋ช
ํํ ๊ท์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Gene-editing technology needs a clear regulatory framework. ๐งฌ
Answer
ํ โ ๊ท์ ํ means a regulatory framework.
5. ์ํ์ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์น์ธ ์ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Risk assessment should take place before approval. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ means risk assessment.
6. ๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ฐ์
์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ํด์๋ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Social trust is important for the growth of the biotech industry. ๐ค
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ means social trust.
7. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policy should focus on minimizing side effects. ๐งฏ
Answer
์ต์ํ โ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ต์ํํ๋ค means to minimize side effects.
8. ์์์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Clinical trial results should be disclosed transparently. ๐
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ โ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค means to disclose information.
9. ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
A balance between technological innovation and risk management is necessary. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ ๊ท ํ means balance.
10. ์น์ธ ํ์๋ ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๊ณ์๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Post-approval monitoring should continue even after approval. ๐
Answer
๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ means post-approval monitoring or management.
Vocabulary Box
- ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ โ approval process
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ โ public safety
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ๊ท์ ํ โ regulatory framework
- ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ โ risk assessment
- ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ social trust
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์์์ํ โ clinical trial
- ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ technological innovation
- ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ post-approval monitoring
Tips ๐ก
- ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค pairs naturally with ์์ ์ฑ.
- ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค pairs naturally with ์ ์ฐจ.
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below for policy vocabulary drills with fewer lab explosions and more elegant nouns. ๐งช
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Biotechnology Policy and Public Safety
ย
Welcome to the biotechnology policy drill lab. ๐งฌ Here youโll practice the terms that help advanced Korean sound precise: approval, regulation, risk assessment, public safety, and social trust. By the end, you should be able to explain not just whether biotechnology is useful, but how it should be governed responsibly. โ๏ธ
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence before repeating it.
ย
๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best Korean word or phrase, read the full sentence aloud, and then open the Answer toggle. Pay special attention to natural formal collocations: which policy noun belongs with which verb.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Approval and Regulation ๐
A. ์ ์ฝ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ ์น์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
The new-drug developer is preparing the approval process. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฐจ โ ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ means approval process.
B. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ํ ๊ท์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค.
The government established a regulatory framework for biotechnology. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ โ ๊ท์ ํ means regulatory framework.
C. ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ํ๋ค.
The new vaccine must go through several stages of review. ๐
Answer
๊ฑฐ์ณ โ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค means to go through review.
D. ํ๊ฐ์ ์น์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ดํดํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
You must understand the difference between permission and approval clearly. ๐
Answer
๋ช
ํ โ ๋ช
ํํ ์ดํดํ๋ค means to understand clearly.
E. ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์น์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The institution publicly disclosed the approval standards. ๐ข
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ โ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค means to disclose.
F. ๊ท์ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ชจํธํ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋ ํผ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If the regulatory system is vague, both companies and citizens experience confusion. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒช โ ํผ๋์ ๊ฒช๋ค means to experience confusion.
G. ์์ฅ ์ถ์ ์ ๊ฒํ ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ์ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
Pre-market review is a system for public safety. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ โ ์ ๋ means an institution/system.
H. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฐ์
๋ฐ์ ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The government should support industrial growth while improving regulation. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค means to improve regulation.
I. ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the approval process is opaque, social trust may weaken. ๐ค
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋๋ค means trust weakens.
J. ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ช
ํํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Biotechnology policy must present clear standards. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ์ โ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ค means to present standards.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ์ฝ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ โ new-drug developer
- ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ โ approval process
- ๊ท์ ํ โ regulatory framework
- ์ฌ์ฌ โ review/screening
- ํ๊ฐ โ permission/authorization
- ์น์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค โ approval standards
- ๊ท์ ์ฒด๊ณ โ regulatory system
- ์์ฅ ์ถ์ โ market release
- ๋ถํฌ๋ช ํ๋ค โ to be opaque
- ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ค โ to present standards
Tip ๐ก Approval language often uses ์ ์ฐจ, ์ฌ์ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ค, and ๊ณต๊ฐ.
Exercise 2 โ Risk and Safety ๐ก๏ธ
A. ์ํ์ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์
์ ์ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Risk assessment is necessary before technology adoption. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ means risk assessment.
B. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ง์ ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The researchers verified the safety of the new treatment. ๐งช
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค means to verify safety.
C. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ํ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policy must identify potential risks in advance. โ ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์
โ ์ํ์ ํ์
ํ๋ค means to identify risk.
D. ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Post-approval monitoring must be strengthened to reduce side effects. ๐
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๋๋ค means monitoring/management is strengthened.
E. ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Transparent disclosure is necessary to ensure public safety. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค means to ensure public safety.
F. ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์ ํ์ด ์๋๋ผ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
Risk management is not simple restriction but a process that reduces harm. ๐งฏ
Answer
์ค์ด โ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ค means to reduce harm.
G. ์์์ํ์์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
In clinical trials, participantsโ health status must be continuously monitored. ๐ฅ
Answer
๊ด์ฐฐ โ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค means to observe/monitor.
H. ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ฎ์ผ๋ฉด ์๋น์ ๋ณดํธ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ง๋ค.
If safety standards are low, consumer protection becomes difficult. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ ค โ ์ด๋ ค์์ง๋ค means to become difficult.
I. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ ์์งํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The uncertainty of research results must be honestly disclosed. ๐
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ โ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค means to disclose uncertainty.
J. ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Risk management standards may be adjusted depending on the situation. โ๏ธ
Answer
์กฐ์ โ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์กฐ์ ๋๋ค means standards are adjusted.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ โ risk assessment
- ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ โ technology adoption
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety quality
- ์ ์ฌ์ ์ํ โ potential risk
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ post-approval monitoring
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ โ public safety
- ์์์ํ โ clinical trial
- ์๋น์ ๋ณดํธ โ consumer protection
- ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ โ uncertainty
Tip ๐ก Safety vocabulary often pairs with ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค, ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค, ๊ฐํํ๋ค, and ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค.
Exercise 3 โ Innovation, Industry, and Trust ๐
A. ๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ฐ์
์ ์๋ฃ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
The biotech industry can contribute to medical progress. ๐ฅ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค means to contribute to progress.
B. ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ํ ํ์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Rather than blocking technological innovation, safe use should be promoted. ๐งฌ
Answer
์ด์ง โ ํ์ฉ์ ์ด์งํ๋ค means to promote use.
C. ํฌ๋ช
ํ ์น์ธ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
A transparent approval process builds social trust. ๐ค
Answer
๋์ธ โ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ค means to raise/build trust.
D. ๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ท์ ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Excessive regulation can slow research and development. ๐ข
Answer
์์ถ โ ์์ถ์ํค๋ค means to discourage or shrink activity.
E. ๊ณต์ ํ ์ง์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
Fair support policy helps the growth of start-ups. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋ โ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋๋ค means to help growth.
F. ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ๋์ค์ ์ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If disclosure is insufficient, public concern increases. ๐ข
Answer
ํ๋ โ ์ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ํ๋๋๋ค means concern expands.
G. ์ ์ฑ
๋ด๋น์๋ ์ฐ์
๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policymakers must consider industrial development and citizen protection together. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider together.
H. ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ท์ ๋ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Reasonable regulation can guide the direction of innovation. ๐งญ
Answer
์๋ด โ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์๋ดํ๋ค means to guide direction.
I. ๊ณต๊ณต ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Public research should be used to solve social problems. ๐
Answer
ํ์ฉ โ ํ์ฉ๋๋ค means to be used/utilized.
J. ์๋ฏผ์ ์ ๋ขฐ ์์ด๋ ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
Without citizensโ trust, policy effects are hard to maintain. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ ์ง โ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ์ง๋๋ค means effects are maintained.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ฐ์ โ biotech industry
- ์๋ฃ ๋ฐ์ โ medical progress
- ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ technological innovation
- ์์ ํ ํ์ฉ โ safe use
- ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ social trust
- ๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ท์ โ excessive regulation
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ research and development
- ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ โ start-up company
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ด๋น์ โ policymaker
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ public research
Tip ๐ก Balanced policy writing can criticize ๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ท์ while still supporting ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ .
Exercise 4 โ Balanced Policy Frames โ๏ธ
A. ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ง๋ง ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Biotechnology is useful, but risk management is necessary. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ โ ํ์ํ๋ค means to be necessary.
B. ์ ๋ถ๋ ํ์ ์ ์ง์ํ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ฐํํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The government should support innovation while strengthening safety standards. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ โ ์ง์ํ๋ means โsupport, but with a condition/limit.โ
C. ์น์ธ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
Even if the approval process is fast, the verification process must not be omitted. ๐ซ
Answer
์๋ต โ ์๋ต๋๋ค means to be omitted.
D. ์ฐ์
์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ํด์๋ผ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
Even for industrial growth, public safety must not be overlooked. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ณผ โ ๊ฐ๊ณผํ๋ค means to overlook.
E. ๊ท์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ง๋ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Regulation can be not a barrier blocking technology but a mechanism that creates trust. ๐
Answer
์ฅ์น โ ์ฅ์น means device/mechanism.
F. ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ๋ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Even if a new treatment is effective, side effects must be checked. ๐
Answer
ํ์ธ โ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค means to check side effects.
G. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ ์ ์๋น์ ๋ณดํธ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ท ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
We must maintain a balance between research freedom and consumer protection. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ง โ ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค means to maintain balance.
H. ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ฉด ๋ถํ์ํ ์คํด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Disclosing information can reduce unnecessary misunderstandings. ๐ฌ
Answer
์ค โ ์คํด๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ค means to reduce misunderstandings.
I. ์ํ์ด ์๋๋ผ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Even if the risk is small, the assessment process must be conducted. ๐
Answer
์ค์ โ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ค means to conduct a process.
J. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์์ ์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
The purpose of policy lies in pursuing innovation and safety together. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ถ๊ตฌ โ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ค means to pursue.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ risk management
- ์ง์ํ๋ โ support, but with limits
- ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ safety standards
- ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ โ verification process
- ์ฐ์ ์ฑ์ฅ โ industrial growth
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ โ public safety
- ์ฅ๋ฒฝ โ barrier
- ์ฅ์น โ mechanism/device
- ์๋น์ ๋ณดํธ โ consumer protection
- ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ โ assessment process
Tip ๐ก Useful balanced frames include -์ง๋ง, -๋, -๋๋ผ๋, and ์ํด์๋ผ๋.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๊ท์น์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฝ์์ด๊ณ , ๊ท์ ๋ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
A rule is a general agreement, while regulation is closer to institutional control. ๐ฆ
Answer
ํต์ โ โ ๊ท์น and ๊ท์ are not identical. โ
๊ท์ suggests institutional or legal control.
B. ์น์ธ์ ๊ฒํ ๋ค์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด๊ณ , ํ๊ฐ๋ ๊ถํ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Approval is a decision after review, and permission is authorization by an empowered institution. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฉ โ โ ์น์ธ and ํ๊ฐ are not always the same. โ
ํ๊ฐ emphasizes permission/authorization.
C. ์์ ์ ์ํ์ด๊ณ , ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ ์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Safety is a state, and safety quality is something that can be verified. ๐งช
Answer
์ฑ์ง โ โ ์์ and ์์ ์ฑ are not identical. โ
์์ ์ฑ is the quality/degree of being safe.
D. ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธด ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
Risk assessment is conducted in advance, not after problems occur. ๐
Answer
์ค์ โ โ Risk assessment is not only after harm. โ
It is usually conducted before approval or use.
E. ํํ๋ง ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉด ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
If only benefits are emphasized, risk management and social responsibility are neglected. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ํํ โ โ A strong policy answer does not list only benefits. โ
It balances benefits with risk and responsibility.
F. ์์์ํ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์น์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If clinical trial data is insufficient, the validity of the approval decision may be weakened. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ This reviews formal evaluation language: ํ๋น์ฑ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค.
G. ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์น์ธ ์ดํ์ ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฅ์น๋ค.
Post-approval monitoring is a mechanism for managing safety issues after approval. ๐
Answer
๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค means to manage issues.
H. ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ค์ด๊ณ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
Information disclosure reduces public distrust and raises policy trust. ๐ข
Answer
๋์ธ โ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ค is the natural collocation.
I. ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ๋๋ ์๋ก์ด ๊ท์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
The expansion of biotechnology can create new regulatory challenges. ๐งฌ
Answer
๋ณ โ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋ค means to give rise to challenges.
J. ํ์ , ์์ , ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด๋ค.
A policy that considers innovation, safety, and trust together is desirable. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋์ง โ ๋ฐ๋์งํ๋ค means desirable.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ท์น โ rule
- ๊ท์ โ regulation/control
- ์น์ธ โ approval
- ํ๊ฐ โ permission/authorization
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety quality
- ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ โ risk assessment
- ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ ์ โ social responsibility
- ์์์ํ ์๋ฃ โ clinical trial data
- ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ post-approval monitoring
- ๋ฐ๋์งํ๋ค โ to be desirable
Tip ๐ก Final check: precise policy Korean separates similar-looking words instead of treating them as twins wearing different lab coats.
ย
๐ Excellent work โ you can now discuss biotechnology policy with balanced, public-safety-minded Korean. Your vocabulary has officially passed the approval process, with no suspicious side effects reported. ๐งฌ๐ก๏ธ