๐Ÿง 

Epistemological Perspectives on Knowledge

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Keywords
์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ด€์  / ๊ทผ์› / ๊ฒ€์ฆ / ์ง„๋ฆฌ
Lesson #
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Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿง 
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿงญ Epistemology asks what counts as ์ง€์‹ (knowledge), where it begins, and how we can justify it.
  • ๐Ÿ” The core vocabulary cluster is ์ธ์‹๋ก  (epistemology), ๊ทผ์› (source/origin), ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification), ์ง„๋ฆฌ (truth), and ์ •๋‹นํ™” (justification).
  • โš–๏ธ In advanced Korean reading, track the writerโ€™s viewpoint, evidence standard, and truth standard before trusting any strong conclusion.
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear it read aloud. Abstract phrase chunks like ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์› (the source of knowledge), ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ (empirical verification), and ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ (universal truth) are especially useful to hear smoothly. ๐Ÿ”Š
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ด€์  means epistemological perspectives on knowledge. The key word ์ธ์‹๋ก  (epistemology) belongs to philosophy and asks deceptively simple questions: โ€œWhat is knowledge?โ€, โ€œWhere does knowledge come from?โ€, and โ€œWhen is a belief justified?โ€ Tiny questions, giant brain gym. ๐Ÿ‹๏ธ
Advanced Korean passages may connect this topic to science, education, public debate, media literacy, ethics, or social theory. A writer might say knowledge comes from ๊ฒฝํ—˜ (experience), ์ด์„ฑ (reason), ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ (social context), or ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (verifiable evidence). Your reading task is to identify the standard being used. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
This lesson helps you read dense noun phrases such as ์ง€์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด (conditions for knowledge), ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity of a claim), ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ (limits of cognition), and ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ (criteria for truth). Heavy nouns, neatly labeled shelves. ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Knowledge Vocabulary Family

1. ์ธ์‹๋ก  โ€” epistemology ๐Ÿง 

์ธ์‹๋ก  is the study of knowledge and cognition. The related word ์ธ์‹ means cognition, perception, or awareness, while ์ธ์ • means recognition or acknowledgment. They look similar, but they are not interchangeable.
  • ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ด€์  = epistemological perspective
  • ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ = limits of cognition/perception
  • ์ธ์‹ ์ฃผ์ฒด = knowing or perceiving subject

2. ๊ทผ์› โ€” source/origin ๐ŸŒฑ

๊ทผ์› points to where something comes from at a deeper level. In this topic, ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์› means the source of knowledge.
  • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค = to originate from experience
  • ์ด์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋‹ค = to be grounded in reason
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค = to be formed within a social context

3. ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” verification ๐Ÿ”

๊ฒ€์ฆ means checking whether a claim is valid, reliable, or supported. It often appears with ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity), ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ (objectivity), and ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ (reproducibility).
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค = to verify a claim
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค = to prove or demonstrate through evidence
  • ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ = falsifiability, possibility of disproof

4. ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ€” truth โš–๏ธ

์ง„๋ฆฌ means truth, but in epistemological passages it often means more than one isolated fact. Writers may ask what makes something true, who sets the standard, and whether truth is universal or context-dependent.
  • ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = universal truth
  • ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = absolute truth
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = relative truth
  • ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์˜์กด์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = context-dependent truth

5. ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” justification โœ…

In philosophy, knowledge is often discussed through the idea of ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋œ ์ฐธ๋œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ (justified true belief). A belief needs a reason, evidence, or rational ground before it can be treated as knowledge.
  • ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค = to justify a belief
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค = the grounds are sufficient
  • ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งžํžŒ ํŒ๋‹จ = a judgment guessed correctly by chance

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
( Empiricism views knowledge as originating from sensory experience. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ )
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜ = empiricism; ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ = sensory experience; ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค = to originate from.
  • ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( For a belief to be recognized as knowledge, it must be justified by sufficient grounds. ๐Ÿงพ )
๋ฏฟ์Œ = belief; ์ธ์ •๋˜๋‹ค = to be recognized; ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ = grounds/evidence; ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜๋‹ค = to be justified.
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( It is difficult to regard an unverified claim as a universal truth. ๐Ÿ”Ž )
๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ = unverified; ์ฃผ์žฅ = claim; ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = universal truth; -๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค = it is difficult to regard as.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Advanced Korean often compresses philosophical meaning into noun phrases. Read them from the center outward:
  • ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์› = source of knowledge
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = validity of a claim
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ = criteria for truth
  • ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ = limits of cognition
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์‹ = verifiable knowledge
Useful sentence frames:
  • A๋Š” B์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค = A originates from B.
  • A๋Š” B์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค = A is based on B.
  • A๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค = It is difficult to regard something as A.
  • A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค B์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค = It is closer to B than A.
  • A๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹ค = to presuppose A.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Core vocabulary meanings and Korean usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean dictionary resources from the National Institute of Korean Language / korean.go.kr, especially for terms such as ์ธ์‹, ๊ทผ์›, ๊ฒ€์ฆ, ์ง„๋ฆฌ, and ์ •๋‹นํ™”. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์ธ์‹ (perception/cognition) vs. ์ธ์ง€ (cognition/recognition): ์ธ์ง€ often sounds more academic or psychological.
  • ๊ทผ์› (source/origin) vs. ์ถœ์ฒ˜ (source/reference): ์ถœ์ฒ˜ is common for citations; ๊ทผ์› is deeper and more conceptual.
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification) vs. ์ž…์ฆ (proof/demonstration): ๊ฒ€์ฆ emphasizes checking validity; ์ž…์ฆ emphasizes demonstrating truth.
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ (truth) vs. ์‚ฌ์‹ค (fact): ์‚ฌ์‹ค is a concrete fact; ์ง„๋ฆฌ is a broader truth or principle.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์ธ์‹ = acknowledgment โ†’ โœ… ์ธ์‹ = perception/cognition; ์ธ์ • = acknowledgment. Tiny spelling, big meaning wobble. ๐Ÿชœ
  • โŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆ and ์ž…์ฆ are always identical โ†’ โœ… ๊ฒ€์ฆ checks validity; ์ž…์ฆ proves or demonstrates. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
  • โŒ ์ง„๋ฆฌ just means โ€œone random factโ€ โ†’ โœ… In philosophical reading, it often means a principle or standard of truth. โš–๏ธ
  • โŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  means โ€œno standard at allโ€ โ†’ โœ… It means truth or judgment depends on context, criteria, or relation. ๐Ÿงญ
  • โŒ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  always means โ€œwrongโ€ โ†’ โœ… It means tied to a subjectโ€™s viewpoint or experience; it may still be meaningful. ๐Ÿ‘ค
You now have the vocabulary toolkit to read knowledge-theory passages without letting abstract nouns bully you. Tiny victory parade for the brain: ๐Ÿง ๐ŸŽ‰
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Try this exercise

Read each sentence and fill the blank with the best Korean term or phrase from this lesson. Say the completed sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and nuance.
1. ์ง€์‹์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.
( The question of where knowledge originates is a question about the source of knowledge. ๐ŸŒฑ )
Answer
๊ทผ์› โ€” ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์› means โ€œthe source/origin of knowledge.โ€
2. ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( The process of checking whether a claim is valid is called verification. ๐Ÿ” )
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” Use this when the focus is checking validity or reliability.
3. ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( A principle regarded as universally true can be explained as truth. โš–๏ธ )
Answer
์ง„๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ง„๋ฆฌ is broader and more philosophical than a single fact.
4. ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( For a belief to be recognized as knowledge, it must be justified by sufficient grounds. ๐Ÿงพ )
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” In this sentence, ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค means โ€œmust be justified.โ€
5. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
( Empiricism views knowledge as originating from sensory experience. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ )
Answer
๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค โ€” ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œto originate from.โ€
6. ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ง€์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( It is difficult to regard an unverified belief as knowledge. ๐Ÿง  )
Answer
๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€” A๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค softens a negative judgment.
7. ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
( Judgments that change by culture and era are related to relative truth. ๐Ÿงญ )
Answer
์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ€” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ means truth understood in relation to context or standard.
8. ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( The observerโ€™s position and conditions can influence human cognition/perception. ๐Ÿ‘ค )
Answer
์ธ์‹ โ€” Do not confuse this with ์ธ์ • (acknowledgment).
9. ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( When a theory is based on a certain assumption, it presupposes that assumption. ๐Ÿงฑ )
Answer
์ „์ œ๋กœ โ€” A๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto presuppose A.โ€
10. ์ง€์‹์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
( Knowledge is closer to a revisable process than a fixed product. ๐Ÿ”„ )
Answer
๊ณผ์ • โ€” A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค B์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค refines a concept by contrast.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ทผ์› โ†’ source, origin
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ truth
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to originate from
  • ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค โ†’ it is difficult to regard as
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ†’ relative
  • ์ธ์‹ โ†’ cognition, perception
  • ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to presuppose
  • ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ process
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Watch the noun phrases: ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์›, ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€, and ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ carry the argumentโ€™s core.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when you're ready to make these abstract nouns behave. ๐Ÿง โœจ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Epistemological Perspectives on Knowledge
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Welcome to your advanced vocabulary workout for ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ด€์  (epistemological perspectives on knowledge). Youโ€™ll practice reading dense noun phrases, identifying philosophical viewpoints, and choosing precise Korean terms without letting ์ถ”์ƒ ๋ช…์‚ฌ (abstract nouns) make a tiny academic fog machine. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence or phrase from this Practice Hub.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best term or phrase. Focus on meaning, nuance, and the argument role of each word, then open the Answer toggle to check your reasoning.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Terms in Context ๐Ÿง 

A. ์ฒ ํ•™์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
( In philosophy, epistemology investigates the nature and conditions of knowledge. ๐Ÿง  )
Answer
์ธ์‹๋ก  โ€” It names the field that studies knowledge.
์ธ์‹๋ก  โ€” It names the field that studies knowledge.
B. ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.
( Whether knowledge comes from experience or reason is a question of knowledgeโ€™s source. ๐ŸŒฑ )
Answer
๊ทผ์› โ€” ๊ทผ์› asks where something originates.
๊ทผ์› โ€” ๊ทผ์› asks where something originates.
C. ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
( The procedure for checking the validity of a claim is called verification. ๐Ÿ” )
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” It emphasizes checking whether a claim holds up.
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” It emphasizes checking whether a claim holds up.
D. ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฐธ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( A principle of unchanging truth may be explained as truth. โš–๏ธ )
Answer
์ง„๋ฆฌ โ€” Here the focus is broad philosophical truth, not one small fact.
์ง„๋ฆฌ โ€” Here the focus is broad philosophical truth, not one small fact.
E. ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์ง€์‹์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( For a belief to become knowledge, it must be justified by evidence. ๐Ÿงพ )
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” The sentence needs ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” The sentence needs ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
F. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์•Ž์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
( Saying that experience and viewpoint affect knowing emphasizes the role of cognition/perception. ๐Ÿ‘ค )
Answer
์ธ์‹ โ€” ์ธ์‹ relates to perceiving or cognizing.
์ธ์‹ โ€” ์ธ์‹ relates to perceiving or cognizing.
G. ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ๋”ฐ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( When judging whether something is logically sound, we examine a claimโ€™s validity. ๐Ÿงฎ )
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” This means validity or soundness.
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” This means validity or soundness.
H. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( A personal belief is difficult to recognize as knowledge without sufficient grounds. ๐Ÿชช )
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means grounds, basis, or evidence.
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means grounds, basis, or evidence.
I. ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ฐธ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( Truth that changes by era and culture can be viewed as relative truth. ๐Ÿงญ )
Answer
์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ€” This marks truth as dependent on relation or context.
์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ€” This marks truth as dependent on relation or context.
J. ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( If an observerโ€™s position affects judgment, it is difficult to claim complete objectivity. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ means objectivity.
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ means objectivity.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ฒ ํ•™ โ†’ philosophy
  • ์ธ์‹๋ก  โ†’ epistemology
  • ์ง€์‹ โ†’ knowledge
  • ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ โ†’ nature, character
  • ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ condition
  • ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to investigate
  • ๊ฒฝํ—˜ โ†’ experience
  • ์ด์„ฑ โ†’ reason
  • ๊ทผ์› โ†’ source, origin
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ claim
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ truth
  • ๋ฏฟ์Œ โ†’ belief
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ์ธ์‹ โ†’ cognition, perception
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ grounds, basis
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ†’ relative
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Identify whether the sentence asks about a field, source, test, truth standard, or justification.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Viewpoints and Sources of Knowledge ๐ŸŒฑ

A. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
( Empiricism views knowledge as originating from sensory experience. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ )
Answer
๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค โ€” ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œto originate from.โ€
๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค โ€” ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œto originate from.โ€
B. ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด ์ด์„ฑ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( Rationalism explains that knowledge is obtained through rational inference. ๐Ÿงฎ )
Answer
์ถ”๋ก  โ€” ์ด์„ฑ์  ์ถ”๋ก  means rational inference.
์ถ”๋ก  โ€” ์ด์„ฑ์  ์ถ”๋ก  means rational inference.
C. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
( Constructivism views knowledge as being constructed in the interpretive process of individuals and society. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ )
Answer
๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ€” The sentence uses ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ , โ€œis constructed.โ€
๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ€” The sentence uses ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ , โ€œis constructed.โ€
D. ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
( A viewpoint that takes sensory experience as the starting point of knowledge is related to empiricism. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜ โ€” It prioritizes experience as the source of knowledge.
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜ โ€” It prioritizes experience as the source of knowledge.
E. ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
( A viewpoint that says one can reach universal principles through reason is close to rationalism. ๐Ÿง  )
Answer
ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ โ€” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ centers reason and inference.
ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ โ€” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ centers reason and inference.
F. ์ง€์‹์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์† ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
( Knowledge is closer to a continually revised process than a fixed object. ๐Ÿ”„ )
Answer
๊ณผ์ • โ€” This matches the frame A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค B์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
๊ณผ์ • โ€” This matches the frame A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค B์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
G. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ง€์‹ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.
( An explanation that social conditions affect knowledge formation values social context. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿคโ€๐Ÿง‘ )
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ์  โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ means social context.
์‚ฌํšŒ์  โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ means social context.
H. ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ด์„ฑ, ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ค‘ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
( Which standard is usedโ€”experience, reason, or contextโ€”creates a difference in viewpoint. ๐Ÿงญ )
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” ๊ด€์  ์ฐจ์ด means difference in perspective.
๊ด€์  โ€” ๊ด€์  ์ฐจ์ด means difference in perspective.
I. ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( A theory presupposes that humans can approach truth through reason. ๐Ÿšช )
Answer
์ „์ œ๋กœ โ€” A๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto presuppose A.โ€
์ „์ œ๋กœ โ€” A๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto presuppose A.โ€
J. ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์›์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธ€์“ด์ด์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋จผ์ € ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( When explaining the source of knowledge, you should first identify the writerโ€™s viewpoint. โœ๏ธ )
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” The writerโ€™s perspective controls the argument.
๊ด€์  โ€” The writerโ€™s perspective controls the argument.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ฃผ์˜ โ†’ empiricism
  • ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ โ†’ sensory experience
  • ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to originate from
  • ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ โ†’ rationalism
  • ์ด์„ฑ์  โ†’ rational
  • ์ถ”๋ก  โ†’ inference
  • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ โ†’ constructivism
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ โ†’ individual
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ society
  • ํ•ด์„ โ†’ interpretation
  • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be constructed
  • ์ถœ๋ฐœ์  โ†’ starting point
  • ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์›๋ฆฌ โ†’ universal principle
  • ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ process
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ†’ social context
  • ๊ด€์  โ†’ viewpoint
  • ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to presuppose
  • ๊ธ€์“ด์ด โ†’ writer
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก For source-of-knowledge passages, ask: experience, reason, or context?
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Verification, Evidence, and Validity ๐Ÿ”

A. ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ๋•Œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.
( A scientific claim gains trust when verified through repeatable observation. ๐Ÿ”ฌ )
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” The sentence needs ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋  ๋•Œ.
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” The sentence needs ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋  ๋•Œ.
B. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( Without sufficient data, it is difficult to judge a claimโ€™s validity. ๐Ÿ“Š )
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = validity of a claim.
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = validity of a claim.
C. ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
( If a theory can be tested for the possibility of being wrong, it is said to have falsifiability. ๐Ÿงช )
Answer
๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ€” ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means falsifiability.
๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ€” ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means falsifiability.
D. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐธ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
( The process of showing something is true through evidence is closer to proof/demonstration. ๐Ÿงพ )
Answer
์ž…์ฆ โ€” ์ž…์ฆ is stronger than merely checking.
์ž…์ฆ โ€” ์ž…์ฆ is stronger than merely checking.
E. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง€์‹์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( It is difficult to justify universal knowledge with personal conviction alone. ๐Ÿชช )
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” A claim needs grounds, not just confidence.
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” A claim needs grounds, not just confidence.
F. ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
( If observation results are repeated by other researchers, reproducibility increases. ๐Ÿ” )
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ is key in scientific verification.
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ is key in scientific verification.
G. ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
( Information that has not gone through verification is closer to an opinion than knowledge. ๐Ÿ’ฌ )
Answer
์˜๊ฒฌ โ€” The contrast is knowledge vs. opinion.
์˜๊ฒฌ โ€” The contrast is knowledge vs. opinion.
H. ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ธ€์˜ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
( If one makes a strong conclusion without objective evidence, the persuasiveness of the writing weakens. ๐Ÿ“‰ )
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means objective evidence.
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means objective evidence.
I. ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
( A judgment is not immediately recognized as knowledge just because it happened to be correct. ๐ŸŽฒ )
Answer
์ธ์ • โ€” Here the meaning is โ€œrecognized/acknowledged,โ€ not โ€œperceived.โ€
์ธ์ • โ€” Here the meaning is โ€œrecognized/acknowledged,โ€ not โ€œperceived.โ€
J. ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์ž…์ฆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธ€์“ด์ด์˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( If you distinguish verification and proof, you can read the writerโ€™s argumentative structure more accurately. ๐Ÿงฑ )
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ๋…ผ์ฆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means argumentative structure.
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ๋…ผ์ฆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means argumentative structure.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ scientific claim
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ โ†’ repeatable observation
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be verified
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ trust, reliability
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ data, materials
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์ด๋ก  โ†’ theory
  • ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ falsifiability
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ์ž…์ฆ โ†’ proof, demonstration
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ opinion
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์  โ†’ objective
  • ์ธ์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be recognized
  • ๋…ผ์ฆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ argumentative structure
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ฒ€์ฆ checks; ์ž…์ฆ demonstrates; ์ •๋‹นํ™” gives a belief enough grounds.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Truth, Objectivity, and Context โš–๏ธ

A. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ฐธ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( A truth considered applicable in all situations can be called universal truth. ๐ŸŒ )
Answer
๋ณดํŽธ์  โ€” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = universal truth.
๋ณดํŽธ์  โ€” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ = universal truth.
B. ์–ด๋–ค ์ฐธ์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
( If a truth changes by culture and era, it relates to relative truth. ๐Ÿงญ )
Answer
์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ€” Relative does not mean โ€œno standardโ€; it means context matters.
์ƒ๋Œ€์  โ€” Relative does not mean โ€œno standardโ€; it means context matters.
C. ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์˜์กด์ ์ด๋‹ค.
( If the standard of judgment depends on a particular situation, that truth is context-dependent. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ )
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์˜์กด์  means context-dependent.
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์˜์กด์  means context-dependent.
D. ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( If the observerโ€™s feelings and experiences intervene in judgment, it is hard to secure complete objectivity. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Objectivity is weakened when observer conditions shape judgment.
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Objectivity is weakened when observer conditions shape judgment.
E. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ธ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( Understanding based on an individualโ€™s viewpoint can be called subjective cognition. ๐Ÿ‘ค )
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด€์  โ€” It means subject-related, not automatically wrong.
์ฃผ๊ด€์  โ€” It means subject-related, not automatically wrong.
F. ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ช…์ œ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค.
( Mathematical propositions are often presented as examples of universal truth. โž— )
Answer
๋ณดํŽธ์  โ€” This repeats the important truth category intentionally.
๋ณดํŽธ์  โ€” This repeats the important truth category intentionally.
G. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ•ด์„์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•ด์„์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( Historical interpretation may be influenced not only by sources but also by the interpreterโ€™s perspective. ๐Ÿ“œ )
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” The sentence points to viewpoint shaping interpretation.
๊ด€์  โ€” The sentence points to viewpoint shaping interpretation.
H. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ ์ถ”์ƒ ์ง€๋ฌธ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( You must distinguish simple facts from philosophical truth to read abstract passages accurately. ๐Ÿง  )
Answer
์ง„๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ง„๋ฆฌ is broader than ์‚ฌ์‹ค.
์ง„๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ง„๋ฆฌ is broader than ์‚ฌ์‹ค.
I. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
( โ€œRelativeโ€ does not mean there is no standard; it means the standard changes depending on context. ๐Ÿงญ )
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” This directly targets a common pitfall.
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” This directly targets a common pitfall.
J. ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธ€์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ • ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( If a text criticizes absolute truth, you should be cautious of strong categorical expressions. โš ๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ โ€” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to be wary of.
๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ โ€” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to be wary of.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ โ†’ all situations
  • ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be applied
  • ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ universal truth
  • ๋ฌธํ™” โ†’ culture
  • ์‹œ๋Œ€ โ†’ era
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ relative truth
  • ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ standard of judgment
  • ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์˜์กด์  โ†’ context-dependent
  • ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž โ†’ observer
  • ๊ฐ์ • โ†’ emotion
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹ โ†’ subjective cognition
  • ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ช…์ œ โ†’ mathematical proposition
  • ๊ด€์  โ†’ viewpoint
  • ์‚ฌ์‹ค โ†’ fact
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ truth
  • ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ absolute truth
  • ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be wary of
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Truth words often signal the authorโ€™s stance: universal, absolute, relative, or context-dependent.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์ธ์‹์€ ์ธ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์ธ์‹์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
( โŒ Cognition is the same as acknowledgment. โœ… Cognition relates to awareness or perception. ๐Ÿง  )
Answer
์ธ์ง€ โ€” ์ธ์‹ relates to cognition/perception; ์ธ์ • means acknowledgment.
์ธ์ง€ โ€” ์ธ์‹ relates to cognition/perception; ์ธ์ • means acknowledgment.
B. โŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ž…์ฆ๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
( โŒ Verification is always exactly the same as proof. โœ… Verification is the process of checking a claimโ€™s validity. ๐Ÿ” )
Answer
ํ™•์ธ โ€” ๊ฒ€์ฆ focuses on checking; ์ž…์ฆ focuses on demonstrating truth.
ํ™•์ธ โ€” ๊ฒ€์ฆ focuses on checking; ์ž…์ฆ focuses on demonstrating truth.
C. โŒ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โœ… ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐธ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( โŒ Truth is the same as one simple fact. โœ… Truth can relate to criteria for judging what is true. โš–๏ธ )
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ is central in epistemological passages.
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ is central in epistemological passages.
D. โŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
( โŒ Relative means there is no standard at all. โœ… Relative means the standard can change depending on context. ๐Ÿงญ )
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” Context changes the standard; it does not erase every standard.
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” Context changes the standard; it does not erase every standard.
E. โŒ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ธ์‹์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( โŒ Subjective cognition is always wrong cognition. โœ… Subjective cognition is based on the subjectโ€™s experience and viewpoint. ๐Ÿ‘ค )
Answer
์ฃผ์ฒด โ€” ์ฃผ์ฒด is the subject/agent of cognition.
์ฃผ์ฒด โ€” ์ฃผ์ฒด is the subject/agent of cognition.
F. ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( Unverified information may be closer to a personal conviction than knowledge. ๐Ÿ’ฌ )
Answer
ํ™•์‹  โ€” Confidence alone is not knowledge.
ํ™•์‹  โ€” Confidence alone is not knowledge.
G. ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งžํžŒ ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
( A judgment guessed correctly by chance is difficult to regard as a sufficiently justified belief. ๐ŸŽฒ )
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” Correct by luck is not the same as justified.
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” Correct by luck is not the same as justified.
H. ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋งŒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( When however, on the other hand, or nevertheless appears in a text, you should look for contrast or limits in perspective. ๐Ÿ”€ )
Answer
๋Œ€์กฐ โ€” Contrast markers often reveal the authorโ€™s real point.
๋Œ€์กฐ โ€” Contrast markers often reveal the authorโ€™s real point.
I. ์˜ค์ง, ํ•ญ์ƒ, ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์ง€๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
( Expressions like only, always, and completely may be claims stronger than the passage. ๐Ÿšจ )
Answer
์ฃผ์žฅ โ€” Extreme answer choices often overstate the passage.
์ฃผ์žฅ โ€” Extreme answer choices often overstate the passage.
J. ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ์›, ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์ •๋‹นํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
( When reading an epistemological text, you should look together at the source of knowledge, method of verification, criteria for truth, and conditions of justification. ๐Ÿงฉ )
Answer
์กฐ๊ฑด โ€” The phrase ์ •๋‹นํ™”์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด means conditions of justification.
์กฐ๊ฑด โ€” The phrase ์ •๋‹นํ™”์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด means conditions of justification.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธ์‹ โ†’ cognition, perception
  • ์ธ์ • โ†’ acknowledgment, recognition
  • ์ธ์ง€ โ†’ cognition
  • ์ง€๊ฐ โ†’ perception
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification
  • ์ž…์ฆ โ†’ proof, demonstration
  • ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to check
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ criteria for truth
  • ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ†’ context
  • ์ฃผ์ฒด โ†’ subject, agent
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํ™•์‹  โ†’ personal conviction
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ โ†’ justified belief
  • ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ โ†’ however
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด โ†’ on the other hand
  • ๋‹ค๋งŒ โ†’ nevertheless, but
  • ๋Œ€์กฐ โ†’ contrast
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ claim
  • ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ condition
  • ๊ทผ์› โ†’ source, origin
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐฉ์‹ โ†’ method of verification
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: similar-looking words and extreme answer choices are where advanced reading gets sneaky.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work! You can now read ์ธ์‹๋ก  passages by tracking where knowledge comes from, how claims are tested, what counts as truth, and why justification matters. Your abstract-noun radar is officially upgraded. ๐Ÿ“ก๐Ÿง