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Formal Quotations in Academic Writing

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TL;DR 🦄
  • 📚 Formal quotation in academic Korean is less about “he said, she said” and more about accurately reporting claims, definitions, findings, and questions.
  • 🧭 Use -다고 / -냐는 / -(으)라는 / -자는 when you paraphrase; use “…”라고 when you quote the exact wording.
  • ✒️ Academic writing often wraps quotations into nouns: -다는 주장 (the claim that…), -라는 개념 (the concept called…), -냐는 질문 (the question of whether…).
🔊
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🌈 The Big Picture

Formal quotation in academic writing is the art of giving someone else’s idea a clean little name tag. 🏷️ Instead of writing conversational 말했어요 (said), academic Korean prefers verbs like 주장하다 (to argue/claim), 밝히다 (to reveal/state), 지적하다 (to point out), 분석하다 (to analyze), and 정의하다 (to define).
In papers, reports, essays, and TOPIK-style writing, quotation expressions do three big jobs:
  • 🧾 Report a claim: 연구자는 결과가 유의미하다고 주장한다. (The researcher argues that the result is meaningful.)
  • 🔎 Name a concept: 이를 사회적 거리라는 개념으로 설명한다. (This is explained as the concept called social distance.)
  • ❓ Frame a research question: 자료가 충분하냐는 질문이 남는다. (The question remains whether the data is sufficient.)
The key advanced skill is choosing the right quotation ending for the thing being quoted: a statement, question, command/recommendation, proposal, term, or exact sentence. Tiny ending, big academic energy. 🧠

🎨 The Core Formal Quotation Family

1. “…”라고 — direct quotation, exact wording 🗣️

Use 라고 when you reproduce the original words directly, usually inside quotation marks.
  • 보고서는 “표본 수를 확대해야 한다”라고 지적한다. (The report points out, “The sample size must be expanded.”)
    • 보고서 = report; 표본 수 = sample size; 확대하다 = to expand; 지적하다 = to point out.

2. -다고 — indirect quotation of a statement 📄

Use -다고 after a declarative statement when you paraphrase what someone claims, reports, explains, or concludes.
  • 연구자는 정책 효과가 제한적이라고 분석한다. (The researcher analyzes that the policy effect is limited.)
    • 정책 = policy; 효과 = effect; 제한적이다 = to be limited; 분석하다 = to analyze.
For nouns with 이다 (to be), use:
  • 받침 있음 + 이라고: 핵심이라고 (that it is the core)
  • 받침 없음 + 라고: 근거라고 (that it is evidence)

3. -다는 + noun — turning a quoted statement into an academic noun phrase 🧱

This is the academic superstar. Instead of ending with “said,” you package the quoted content as a noun:
  • -다는 주장 = the claim that…
  • -다는 견해 = the view that…
  • -다는 분석 = the analysis that…
  • -다는 점 = the point/fact that…
Example:
  • 참여율이 낮다는 점은 해석에 주의가 필요함을 보여 준다. (The fact that the participation rate is low shows that caution is needed in interpretation.)
    • 참여율 = participation rate; 낮다 = to be low; 해석 = interpretation; 주의 = caution.

4. -냐는 + noun — quoted question as a noun phrase ❓

Use -냐는 when a question becomes a topic, issue, or research question.
  • 자료가 대표성을 갖느냐는 문제가 제기된다. (The issue is raised of whether the data has representativeness.)
    • 자료 = data; 대표성 = representativeness; 문제 = issue; 제기되다 = to be raised.

5. -(으)라는 and -자는 — recommendations and proposals 🧭

Use -(으)라는 for quoted commands, instructions, or recommendations; use -자는 for proposals meaning “let’s…”
  • 자료를 공개하라는 요구가 증가하고 있다. (Demands to disclose the data are increasing.)
  • 후속 연구를 진행하자는 제안이 나왔다. (A proposal came out to conduct follow-up research.)

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

Pattern A: Source + -에 따르면 + quoted claim 📌

선행 연구에 따르면, 온라인 토론은 학습자의 참여를 높인다고 한다. (According to previous research, online discussion increases learner participation.)
  • 선행 연구 = previous research; 온라인 토론 = online discussion; 학습자 = learner; 참여를 높이다 = to increase participation.

Pattern B: Claim as noun phrase + evaluation 🧪

조사 결과가 일반화되기 어렵다는 주장은 설득력이 있다. (The claim that the survey results are difficult to generalize is persuasive.)
  • 조사 결과 = survey results; 일반화되다 = to be generalized; 어렵다 = to be difficult; 설득력이 있다 = to be persuasive.

Pattern C: Research question with -냐는 문제 🔍

이 변수가 실제로 영향을 미치느냐는 문제는 추가 분석이 필요하다. (The question of whether this variable actually has an effect requires additional analysis.)
  • 변수 = variable; 실제로 = actually; 영향을 미치다 = to have an effect; 추가 분석 = additional analysis.

🧩 General Formation Rule

Use the quoted sentence type to choose the form:
  • 📄 Statement / claim: 동사/형용사 + -다고 → 증가한다고 주장하다 (to claim that it increases), 부족하다고 지적하다 (to point out that it is insufficient)
  • 🏷️ Noun + “is”: 명사 + (이)라고 → 핵심이라고 보다 (to view it as the core), 근거라고 제시하다 (to present it as evidence)
  • 🧱 Statement modifying a noun: -다는 + 명사 → 필요하다는 주장 (the claim that it is necessary)
  • ❓ Question modifying a noun: -냐는 + 명사 → 타당하냐는 질문 (the question of whether it is valid)
  • 🧭 Command/recommendation modifying a noun: -(으)라는 + 명사 → 개선하라는 요구 (a demand to improve)
  • 🤝 Proposal modifying a noun: -자는 + 명사 → 검토하자는 제안 (a proposal to review)
There are no special sound-change exceptions here. The main “danger zone” is meaning: choose the ending that matches the quoted content. A statement wearing a question hat looks suspicious in academic clothing. 🎩

📚 Cross-check note

The distinction between direct quotation 라고 and indirect quotation 고, along with quotation-particle usage, was cross-checked against 국립국어원 / korean.go.kr. ✅

🪞 Synonym Alert

Academic quotation verbs are not interchangeable confetti. 🎊 Choose the verb that matches your evidence:
  • 주장하다 → to argue/claim; use for a debatable position.
  • 밝히다 → to state/reveal; use for findings, official statements, or disclosed facts.
  • 지적하다 → to point out; use for problems, limits, or notable issues.
  • 분석하다 → to analyze; use when interpreting data or causes.
  • 설명하다 → to explain; use when clarifying a concept or mechanism.
  • 정의하다 → to define; use when naming what a term means.
  • 제시하다 → to present; use for evidence, examples, criteria, or alternatives.
  • 시사하다 → to suggest/indicate; use when results imply something but do not prove it directly.

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ “자료가 부족하다”고 주장한다 for paraphrase without exact quoted wording → ✅ 자료가 부족하다고 주장한다 (Use indirect -다고 when paraphrasing.)
  • ❌ 자료가 충분하다는 질문 → ✅ 자료가 충분하냐는 질문 (A question needs -냐는, not -다는.)
  • ❌ 개선한다고 요구 → ✅ 개선하라는 요구 (A demand/recommendation uses -(으)라는.)
  • ❌ 이것을 핵심이다고 본다 → ✅ 이것을 핵심이라고 본다 (With noun + 이다, use (이)라고.)
  • ❌ 연구가 필요하다고 점 → ✅ 연구가 필요하다는 점 (Before a noun like 점, use the modifier form -다는.)
🎉 Formal quotation turns sources into clean, traceable academic argument. Give every borrowed idea its proper grammar badge, and your Korean writing instantly looks more polished. 🧼📚
 
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each academic sentence with the quotation form that best matches the meaning. Read the whole sentence first: is it reporting a statement, naming a concept, framing a question, or presenting a demand? Then open the Answer toggle to check the reasoning.
1. 연구자는 표본 수가 충분하＿＿＿＿ 주장한다.
The researcher argues that the sample size is sufficient. 🧪
Answer
다고 — This is an indirect quotation of a statement: 충분하다 → 충분하다고.
2. 보고서는 이를 구조적 문제＿＿＿＿ 정의한다.
The report defines this as a structural problem. 🏗️
Answer
라고 — 문제 has no final consonant, so noun + 이다 becomes 문제라고.
3. 자료가 대표성을 갖느＿＿＿＿ 질문은 여전히 남아 있다.
The question of whether the data has representativeness still remains. 📊
Answer
냐는 — A quoted question modifying 질문 needs -냐는.
4. 참여율이 낮＿＿＿＿ 점은 연구의 한계이다.
The fact that the participation rate is low is a limitation of the study. 📉
Answer
다는 — A statement turned into a noun phrase before 점 uses -다는.
5. 심사자는 근거를 보완하＿＿＿＿ 요구를 제시했다.
The reviewer presented a request to supplement the evidence. 📝
Answer
라는 — A quoted command/recommendation uses -(으)라는: 보완하라는 요구.
6. 위원회는 후속 연구를 진행하＿＿＿＿ 제안을 검토했다.
The committee reviewed the proposal to conduct follow-up research. 🧭
Answer
자는 — A proposal meaning “let’s conduct” uses -자는.
7. 분석 결과는 변수가 영향을 미친＿＿＿＿ 시사한다.
The analysis results suggest that the variable has an effect. 🔎
Answer
다고 — 시사하다 can introduce an implied statement with -다고.
8. 학자는 이 용어를 사회적 자본이＿＿＿＿ 설명한다.
The scholar explains this term as social capital. 🏛️
Answer
라고 — 자본 has final consonant ㄴ, so noun + 이다 becomes 자본이라고; the blank follows 자본이, so add 라고.
9. 선행 연구는 교육 효과가 지속되＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
Previous research stated that the educational effect continues. 🏫
Answer
ㄴ다고 — For a present-tense action verb like 지속되다, use 지속된다고.
10. “추가 검증이 필요하다”＿＿＿＿ 결론짓는다.
It concludes, “Additional verification is necessary.” ✅
Answer
라고 — Quotation marks signal direct quotation, so use 라고.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 연구자 → researcher
  • 표본 수 → sample size
  • 충분하다 → to be sufficient
  • 구조적 문제 → structural problem
  • 정의하다 → to define
  • 대표성 → representativeness
  • 참여율 → participation rate
  • 한계 → limitation
  • 보완하다 → to supplement
  • 후속 연구 → follow-up research
  • 시사하다 → to suggest/indicate
  • 용어 → term
  • 결론짓다 → to conclude
Tip 💡 If a quoted clause modifies a noun like 점, 질문, 요구, or 제안, expect -다는, -냐는, -(으)라는, or -자는.
🚀
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these quotation endings into academic-writing reflexes.
 
📦
🎯 Practice Hub — Formal Quotations in Academic Writing
 
Welcome to your formal quotation gym, where academic Korean learns to cite its sources without tripping over its own footnotes. 📚 You’ll practice reporting claims, naming concepts, framing research questions, and polishing paraphrases so they sound like they belong in a serious essay rather than a hallway rumor. 🧠
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence before checking the answer.
 
📝 Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best quotation expression. Read the English meaning, identify the quoted content type, say the completed Korean sentence aloud, and then open the Answer toggle.
 

Exercise 1 — Reporting Statements with -다고 📄

A. 연구자는 응답률이 높＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
The researcher stated that the response rate is high. 📈
Answer
다고 — 높다 is a descriptive verb in an indirect statement: 높다고 밝혔다.
B. 논문은 기존 설명이 불충분하＿＿＿＿ 지적한다.
The paper points out that the existing explanation is insufficient. 📑
Answer
다고 — A paraphrased statement after 불충분하다 uses -다고.
C. 저자는 사례 분석이 필요하＿＿＿＿ 주장한다.
The author argues that case analysis is necessary. 🗂️
Answer
다고 — 필요하다 reports a statement with 필요하다고 주장한다.
D. 자료는 지역 차이가 존재한＿＿＿＿ 보여 준다.
The data shows that regional differences exist. 🗺️
Answer
다고 — For present-tense action/existence verb 존재하다, the full form is 존재한다고.
E. 조사 결과는 만족도가 하락했＿＿＿＿ 나타낸다.
The survey results indicate that satisfaction decreased. 📉
Answer
다고 — Past statement 하락했다 becomes 하락했다고.
F. 분석가는 비용 부담이 커졌＿＿＿＿ 설명한다.
The analyst explains that the cost burden has grown. 💸
Answer
다고 — Past 커졌다 + indirect quotation = 커졌다고.
G. 보고서는 접근성이 개선되었＿＿＿＿ 평가한다.
The report evaluates that accessibility has improved. ♿
Answer
다고 — Past passive-style verb 개선되었다 becomes 개선되었다고.
H. 필자는 논의의 범위가 넓＿＿＿＿ 본다.
The writer views the scope of discussion as broad. 🧭
Answer
다고 — Descriptive verb 넓다 reports a judgment with 넓다고 본다.
I. 선행 연구는 온라인 협업이 효과적이＿＿＿＿ 결론짓는다.
Previous research concludes that online collaboration is effective. 💻
Answer
라고 — 효과적이다 is noun-like with 이다; after 효과적이, add 라고.
J. 해당 논의는 기준 설정이 핵심이＿＿＿＿ 강조한다.
The discussion emphasizes that setting criteria is the core. 🎯
Answer
라고 — 핵심이다 becomes 핵심이라고; the sentence already shows 핵심이.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 응답률 → response rate
  • 높다 → to be high
  • 논문 → academic paper
  • 기존 설명 → existing explanation
  • 불충분하다 → to be insufficient
  • 사례 분석 → case analysis
  • 지역 차이 → regional difference
  • 존재하다 → to exist
  • 만족도 → satisfaction level
  • 하락하다 → to decrease
  • 비용 부담 → cost burden
  • 접근성 → accessibility
  • 개선되다 → to be improved
  • 범위 → scope
  • 온라인 협업 → online collaboration
  • 효과적이다 → to be effective
  • 기준 설정 → setting criteria
  • 핵심 → core
Tip 💡 Statements usually take -다고, but noun + 이다 takes (이)라고.
 

Exercise 2 — Academic Noun Phrases with -다는 🧱

A. 자료가 제한적이＿＿＿＿ 점을 먼저 인정해야 한다.
We must first acknowledge the fact that the data is limited. 📊
Answer
라는 — 제한적이다 before 점 becomes 제한적이라는 점.
B. 비교 기준이 모호하＿＿＿＿ 주장은 타당하다.
The claim that the comparison criteria are vague is valid. ⚖️
Answer
다는 — Descriptive verb 모호하다 modifies 주장 with 모호하다는.
C. 정책 효과가 감소했＿＿＿＿ 분석이 제시되었다.
An analysis was presented that the policy effect decreased. 🏛️
Answer
다는 — Past statement 감소했다 becomes 감소했다는 분석.
D. 실험 절차가 복잡하＿＿＿＿ 견해도 있다.
There is also the view that the experimental procedure is complex. 🧫
Answer
다는 — 복잡하다 + 견해 = 복잡하다는 견해.
E. 해석 방식이 일관되지 않＿＿＿＿ 비판이 나온다.
Criticism arises that the interpretation method is not consistent. 🧩
Answer
는다는 — Action-style negative 일관되지 않다 commonly forms 일관되지 않는다는 비판.
F. 참여자가 증가했＿＿＿＿ 사실은 중요하다.
The fact that participants increased is important. 👥
Answer
다는 — Past 증가했다 modifies 사실 as 증가했다는 사실.
G. 개념 정의가 불명확하＿＿＿＿ 문제를 해결해야 한다.
We must solve the problem that the concept definition is unclear. 🏷️
Answer
다는 — 불명확하다 + 문제 = 불명확하다는 문제.
H. 수집 방식이 결과에 영향을 주었＿＿＿＿ 가능성이 있다.
There is a possibility that the collection method affected the results. 🧺
Answer
다는 — Past statement 영향을 주었다 becomes 영향을 주었다는 가능성.
I. 용어 사용이 혼란스럽＿＿＿＿ 지적은 설득력이 있다.
The point that the term usage is confusing is persuasive. 🌫️
Answer
다는 — 혼란스럽다 + 지적 = 혼란스럽다는 지적.
J. 해당 접근이 대안이＿＿＿＿ 인식이 확산되고 있다.
The perception that the approach is an alternative is spreading. 🌱
Answer
라는 — 대안이다 before a noun becomes 대안이라는 인식.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 제한적이다 → to be limited
  • 인정하다 → to acknowledge
  • 비교 기준 → comparison criteria
  • 모호하다 → to be vague
  • 타당하다 → to be valid
  • 정책 효과 → policy effect
  • 감소하다 → to decrease
  • 실험 절차 → experimental procedure
  • 복잡하다 → to be complex
  • 해석 방식 → interpretation method
  • 일관되다 → to be consistent
  • 비판 → criticism
  • 참여자 → participant
  • 개념 정의 → concept definition
  • 불명확하다 → to be unclear
  • 수집 방식 → collection method
  • 영향을 주다 → to affect
  • 용어 사용 → term usage
  • 혼란스럽다 → to be confusing
  • 대안 → alternative
Tip 💡 Before nouns like 점, 주장, 분석, and 사실, use the noun-modifying quotation shape: -다는 or -이라는.
 

Exercise 3 — Questions, Demands, and Proposals ❓

A. 결과가 재현 가능하＿＿＿＿ 문제는 아직 해결되지 않았다.
The issue of whether the results are reproducible has not yet been resolved. 🔁
Answer
냐는 — A quoted question before 문제 uses -냐는.
B. 응답자가 충분히 다양하＿＿＿＿ 질문이 제기되었다.
The question was raised of whether the respondents are sufficiently diverse. 👥
Answer
냐는 — The sentence asks whether something is true, so use 다양하냐는 질문.
C. 변인이 통제되었＿＿＿＿ 여부를 검토해야 한다.
We must review whether the variable was controlled. 🎛️
Answer
는지 — With 여부 (whether), Korean often uses -는지 여부, not -냐는 여부. This is the academic cousin of a question frame.
D. 자료를 투명하게 공개하＿＿＿＿ 요구가 커지고 있다.
Demands to disclose the data transparently are growing. 🪟
Answer
라는 — A demand/recommendation uses 공개하라는 요구.
E. 평가 기준을 명확히 제시하＿＿＿＿ 권고가 있었다.
There was a recommendation to present the evaluation criteria clearly. 📋
Answer
라는 — A recommendation is command-like, so use 제시하라는 권고.
F. 표본을 확대하＿＿＿＿ 요청은 타당하다.
The request to expand the sample is valid. 🔬
Answer
라는 — A request telling someone to do something uses 확대하라는 요청.
G. 장기 조사를 실시하＿＿＿＿ 제안이 논의되었다.
A proposal to conduct a long-term survey was discussed. 🕰️
Answer
자는 — A proposal meaning “let’s conduct” uses 실시하자는 제안.
H. 분석 범위를 좁히＿＿＿＿ 의견도 제기되었다.
An opinion was also raised proposing that the analysis scope be narrowed. 🎯
Answer
자는 — When 의견 has proposal meaning, use 좁히자는 의견.
I. 후속 논문에서 반례를 다루＿＿＿＿ 제안은 유용하다.
The proposal to address counterexamples in a follow-up paper is useful. 🧾
Answer
자는 — Proposal form: 다루자는 제안.
J. 정의가 실제 사례에 적용되＿＿＿＿ 질문은 중요하다.
The question of whether the definition applies to real cases is important. 🧩
Answer
느냐는 — Action/passive verb 적용되다 becomes 적용되느냐는 질문.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 재현 가능하다 → to be reproducible
  • 해결되다 → to be resolved
  • 응답자 → respondent
  • 다양하다 → to be diverse
  • 변인 → variable
  • 통제되다 → to be controlled
  • 여부 → whether or not
  • 투명하게 → transparently
  • 공개하다 → to disclose
  • 평가 기준 → evaluation criteria
  • 명확히 → clearly
  • 권고 → recommendation
  • 요청 → request
  • 장기 조사 → long-term survey
  • 실시하다 → to conduct
  • 분석 범위 → analysis scope
  • 좁히다 → to narrow
  • 반례 → counterexample
  • 다루다 → to address/deal with
  • 적용되다 → to apply
Tip 💡 Questions use -냐는, demands use -(으)라는, and proposals use -자는.
 

Exercise 4 — Direct Quotes, Terms, and Source Framing 🗣️

A. 보고서는 “방법론을 재검토해야 한다”＿＿＿＿ 지적했다.
The report pointed out, “The methodology must be reexamined.” 🔍
Answer
라고 — Exact wording in quotation marks takes direct quotation 라고.
B. 연설자는 “공공성이 우선이다”＿＿＿＿ 강조했다.
The speaker emphasized, “Publicness comes first.” 🏛️
Answer
라고 — A direct quote uses 라고, even when the quoted sentence ends in 이다.
C. 저자는 이 현상을 플랫폼 노동이＿＿＿＿ 명명한다.
The author names this phenomenon platform labor. 💻
Answer
라고 — The sentence names a term: 플랫폼 노동이라고 명명한다.
D. 학계에서는 이를 전환 비용이＿＿＿＿ 부른다.
In academia, this is called switching cost. 🔄
Answer
라고 — For naming with 부르다, use noun + (이)라고.
E. 선행 연구＿＿＿＿ 이 변수는 매개 역할을 한다.
According to previous research, this variable plays a mediating role. 📚
Answer
에 따르면 — Source framing: 선행 연구에 따르면 = according to previous research.
F. 조사 결과＿＿＿＿ 응답자의 신뢰도는 상승했다.
According to the survey results, respondents’ trust increased. 📊
Answer
에 따르면 — Use -에 따르면 to introduce the source of information.
G. 김 교수＿＿＿＿ 해당 개념은 관계성을 전제로 한다.
According to Professor Kim, the concept presupposes relationality. 👩‍🏫
Answer
에 의하면 — -에 의하면 also means according to; it is formal and source-focused.
H. 논문은 해당 용어를 분석 단위＿＿＿＿ 사용한다.
The paper uses the term as a unit of analysis. 🧪
Answer
로 — Not every academic frame needs quotation grammar. Here -로 사용하다 means “use as.”
I. 연구진은 “추가 자료가 필요하다”＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
The research team stated, “Additional data is necessary.” 📁
Answer
라고 — Quotation marks + exact wording = 라고 밝혔다.
J. 문헌에서는 이를 상호작용 효과＿＿＿＿ 설명한다.
In the literature, this is explained as an interaction effect. 🤝
Answer
라고 — Naming/classifying as a noun uses (이)라고 설명하다.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 방법론 → methodology
  • 재검토하다 → to reexamine
  • 연설자 → speaker
  • 공공성 → publicness
  • 우선 → priority/first
  • 현상 → phenomenon
  • 플랫폼 노동 → platform labor
  • 명명하다 → to name
  • 학계 → academia
  • 전환 비용 → switching cost
  • 매개 역할 → mediating role
  • 신뢰도 → trust/reliability level
  • 상승하다 → to rise
  • 전제로 하다 → to presuppose
  • 분석 단위 → unit of analysis
  • 연구진 → research team
  • 문헌 → literature
  • 상호작용 효과 → interaction effect
Tip 💡 Direct quotes use “…”라고; sources use -에 따르면 or -에 의하면; terms often use (이)라고 부르다/명명하다/설명하다.
 

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. ❌ 자료가 충분하다는 질문 → ✅ 자료가 충분하＿＿＿＿ 질문
Fix it: the question of whether the data is sufficient. 🧯
Answer
냐는 — Question content needs -냐는, not statement modifier -다는.
B. ❌ 연구가 필요하다고 점 → ✅ 연구가 필요하＿＿＿＿ 점
Fix it: the point that research is necessary. 🔧
Answer
다는 — Before noun 점, use the modifier -다는.
C. ❌ 핵심이다고 본다 → ✅ 핵심이＿＿＿＿ 본다
Fix it: views it as the core. 🎯
Answer
라고 — Noun + 이다 takes (이)라고, so 핵심이라고 본다.
D. ❌ 개선한다고 요구 → ✅ 개선하＿＿＿＿ 요구
Fix it: a demand to improve. 🛠️
Answer
라는 — A demand is command-like: 개선하라는 요구.
E. ❌ 검토한다고 제안 → ✅ 검토하＿＿＿＿ 제안
Fix it: a proposal to review. 🧐
Answer
자는 — Proposal meaning “let’s review” uses 검토하자는 제안.
F. ❌ “근거가 약하다”고 밝혔다 → ✅ “근거가 약하다”＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다
Fix it as a direct quote. 🗣️
Answer
라고 — Exact quoted wording inside quotation marks should take direct quotation 라고.
G. ❌ 문제라고 정의는 → ✅ 문제＿＿＿＿ 정의
Fix it: the definition that it is a problem. 🏷️
Answer
라는 — Before a noun, use the modifying form: 문제라는 정의.
H. ❌ 타당하냐고 문제 → ✅ 타당하＿＿＿＿ 문제
Fix it: the issue of whether it is valid. ⚖️
Answer
냐는 — Before noun 문제, the question modifier is -냐는, not -냐고.
I. ❌ 선행 연구에 따르면, 효과적이라는 주장한다 → ✅ 선행 연구는 효과적이＿＿＿＿ 주장한다
Fix the reporting verb frame. 📚
Answer
라고 — With 주장하다, use the adverbial quotation frame: 효과적이라고 주장한다, not 효과적이라는 주장한다.
J. ❌ 자료가 충분하는지 여부 → ✅ 자료가 충분＿＿＿＿ 여부
Fix it: whether the data is sufficient. ✅
Answer
한지 — With descriptive verb 충분하다 + 여부, use 충분한지 여부.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 충분하다 → to be sufficient
  • 연구 → research
  • 필요하다 → to be necessary
  • 핵심 → core
  • 개선하다 → to improve
  • 검토하다 → to review
  • 근거 → evidence
  • 약하다 → to be weak
  • 정의 → definition
  • 타당하다 → to be valid
  • 선행 연구 → previous research
  • 효과적이다 → to be effective
  • 주장하다 → to argue/claim
  • 여부 → whether or not
  • -다고 → indirect statement quotation
  • -다는 → statement modifying a noun
  • -냐는 → question modifying a noun
  • -(으)라는 → command/recommendation modifying a noun
  • -자는 → proposal modifying a noun
Tip 💡 Pitfall patrol rule: -고 talks to verbs like 주장하다; -는 shapes talk into nouns like 점, 질문, 요구, and 제안.
 
🎉 Excellent work — your quotations now know whether they are statements, questions, demands, proposals, direct quotes, or academic noun phrases. That is exactly the kind of grammar hygiene that makes formal Korean writing feel crisp, credible, and citation-ready. 📚✨
🎯
TL;DR 🦄
  • 📚 Formal academic quotation is not just “someone said something.” It shows source, stance, and evidence clearly.
  • ✍️ Use direct quotation with 라고 [ra-go] when you repeat exact words, and indirect quotation with 고 [go] after forms like -다고 [-da-go], -라고 [-ra-go], or -냐고 [-nya-go] when you report meaning.
  • 🧠 Academic writing prefers verbs like 주장하다 [ju-jang-ha-da] = to argue/claim, 분석하다 [bun-seok-ha-da] = to analyze, 밝히다 [bal-ki-da] = to reveal/state, and source frames like 에 따르면 [e tta-reu-myeon] = according to.
🔊
🎧 Iru Helper Note — When you want to hear any Korean sentence in this lesson, open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets and type it into the widget for audio. Academic Korean can wear tweed; your listening practice can still wear sneakers. 👟
 

🌈 The Big Picture

Formal quotations in academic writing help the reader know who said what, how strongly the writer is presenting it, and why it matters. You are not tossing a quote into the paragraph like confetti; you are placing evidence on the table with tiny scholarly tongs. 🧪
 
In everyday Korean, you may report speech with simple forms like -다고 해요 [-da-go hae-yo] = they say that. In academic writing, you usually need more control:
  • 연구에 따르면 [yeon-gu-e tta-reu-myeon] — according to the study 📚
  • 저자는 ...고 주장한다 [jeo-ja-neun ...go ju-jang-han-da] — the author argues that… ✍️
  • 자료는 ...을 보여 준다 [ja-ryo-neun ...eul bo-yeo jun-da] — the data shows… 📊
 
The advanced skill is choosing the right reporting verb. 말하다 [mal-ha-da] = to say is not wrong, but academic writing often sounds sharper with 주장하다 [ju-jang-ha-da] = to argue, 설명하다 [seol-myeong-ha-da] = to explain, 지적하다 [ji-jeok-ha-da] = to point out, 분석하다 [bun-seok-ha-da] = to analyze, or 보고하다 [bo-go-ha-da] = to report. 🧐

🎨 The Core Formal Quotation Family

1. Direct quotation: exact words + 라고

Use direct quotation when you repeat the original words exactly. In formal writing, that usually means quotation marks plus 라고.
 
  • 저자는 “자료가 중요하다”라고 밝혔다.
      • [jeo-ja-neun “ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-da”ra-go bal-kyeot-da]
      The author stated, “The data is important.” 📄
      저자 = author, 자료 = data/material, 중요하다 = to be important, 밝히다 = to reveal/state.
 

2. Indirect quotation: reported meaning + 고

Use indirect quotation when you report the meaning, not the exact words. The quoted clause already carries the statement ending, then 고 connects it to the reporting verb.
 
  • 저자는 자료가 중요하다고 밝혔다.
      • [jeo-ja-neun ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-da-go bal-kyeot-da]
      The author stated that the data is important. 📄
 
Useful academic reporting verbs:
  • 주장하다 [ju-jang-ha-da] — to argue/claim 🧠
  • 밝히다 [bal-ki-da] — to reveal/state 💡
  • 설명하다 [seol-myeong-ha-da] — to explain 🗣️
  • 지적하다 [ji-jeok-ha-da] — to point out ☝️
  • 분석하다 [bun-seok-ha-da] — to analyze 🔬
  • 보고하다 [bo-go-ha-da] — to report 🧾
  • 제시하다 [je-si-ha-da] — to present/propose 📌
  • 인용하다 [i-nyong-ha-da] — to quote/cite 🔖
 

3. Source frames: 에 따르면 and 에 의하면

Use these to introduce a source before the quoted or summarized information.
 
  • 연구에 따르면 통계가 근거를 뒷받침한다.
      • [yeon-gu-e tta-reu-myeon tong-gye-ga geun-geo-reul dwit-bat-chim-han-da]
      According to the study, the statistics support the evidence. 📊
  • 논문에 의하면 결과가 명확하다.
      • [non-mu-ne ui-ha-myeon gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da]
      According to the paper, the result is clear. 📑
 

4. Academic summary nouns: -다는 점 and -(이)라는 점

Use -다는 점 [-da-neun jeom] = the point/fact that… for verbs and adjectives. Use -(이)라는 점 [-i-ra-neun jeom] = the point/fact that it is… for nouns.
 
  • 자료가 중요하다는 점을 강조한다.
      • [ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-da-neun jeo-meul gang-jo-han-da]
      It emphasizes the point that the data is important. 📄
  • 이 결과가 근거라는 점을 제시한다.
      • [i gyeol-gwa-ga geun-geo-ra-neun jeo-meul je-si-han-da]
      It presents the point that this result is evidence. 📌

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

  • 저자는 통계가 주장을 뒷받침한다고 분석한다.
      • [jeo-ja-neun tong-gye-ga ju-jang-eul dwit-bat-chim-han-da-go bun-seo-kan-da]
      The author analyzes that the statistics support the argument. 📊
      통계 = statistics, 주장 = argument/claim, 뒷받침하다 = to support.
 
  • 논문은 결과가 명확하다는 점을 강조한다.
      • [non-mu-neun gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da-neun jeo-meul gang-jo-han-da]
      The paper emphasizes the point that the result is clear. 📑
      논문 = paper, 결과 = result, 명확하다 = to be clear, 강조하다 = to emphasize.
 
  • 자료에 따르면 변화가 나타났다고 보고한다.
      • [ja-ryo-e tta-reu-myeon byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-da-go bo-go-han-da]
      According to the data, it reports that a change appeared. 🔬
      변화 = change, 나타나다 = to appear, 보고하다 = to report.

🧩 General Formation Rule

Direct quotation

Original exact words + 라고 + reporting verb:
  • “중요하다”라고 밝혔다 [“jung-yo-ha-da”ra-go bal-kyeot-da] — stated “it is important”
 

Indirect statement quotation

Statement clause + 고 + reporting verb:
  • 중요하다고 밝혔다 [jung-yo-ha-da-go bal-kyeot-da] — stated that it is important
  • 뒷받침한다고 분석한다 [dwit-bat-chim-han-da-go bun-seo-kan-da] — analyzes that it supports
  • 근거라고 주장한다 [geun-geo-ra-go ju-jang-han-da] — argues that it is evidence
 

Academic “the point that…”

  • Verb/adjective + -다는 점: 중요하다는 점 [jung-yo-ha-da-neun jeom] = the point that it is important
  • Noun + -(이)라는 점: 근거라는 점 [geun-geo-ra-neun jeom] = the point that it is evidence
 
No exciting irregular dragon here. 🐉 The main challenge is choosing a formal reporting verb and separating exact quotation from summarized meaning.

📚 Cross-check note

The distinction between direct quotation 라고 and indirect quotation 고, including the use of 라고 for original exact words and 고 after indirect quoted endings, was checked against 국립국어원 / korean.go.kr. Standard source frames such as 에 따르면 and academic reporting verbs were also reviewed for natural formal-writing use. ✅

🪞 Synonym Alert

  • 말하다 [mal-ha-da] — to say; neutral, broad, and common. 🗣️
  • 밝히다 [bal-ki-da] — to reveal/state; formal and useful for findings or official statements. 💡
  • 주장하다 [ju-jang-ha-da] — to argue/claim; use when the source has a stance. 🧠
  • 설명하다 [seol-myeong-ha-da] — to explain; use when the source clarifies how or why. 🪄
  • 지적하다 [ji-jeok-ha-da] — to point out; use when the source highlights a problem or detail. ☝️
  • 보고하다 [bo-go-ha-da] — to report; use for study results, data, or formal findings. 🧾
  • 에 따르면 [e tta-reu-myeon] and 에 의하면 [e ui-ha-myeon] both mean “according to.” 에 따르면 is very common and natural; 에 의하면 can feel slightly more formal. 📚

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ 저자는 “중요하다”고 밝혔다. → ✅ 저자는 “중요하다”라고 밝혔다. (For exact direct quotation, 라고 is the safer formal choice.)
  • ❌ 저자는 자료가 중요하다라고 밝혔다. → ✅ 저자는 자료가 중요하다고 밝혔다. (Indirect quoted statement uses -다고.)
  • ❌ 논문에 따르면이라고 주장한다. → ✅ 논문에 따르면 결과가 명확하다고 주장한다. (에 따르면 introduces the source; it does not replace the quoted content.)
  • ❌ 결과가 근거다는 점 → ✅ 결과가 근거라는 점 (Nouns use -(이)라는 점.)
  • ❌ Using only 말하다 for every source → ✅ choose 주장하다, 분석하다, 보고하다, or 지적하다 when the academic role is more specific.
🖋️ Bottom line: formal quotation is source-handling with manners. Choose exact quote or summarized meaning, add a precise reporting verb, and your paragraph stops sounding like gossip and starts sounding like research. 📚✨
 
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each formal quotation sentence. Focus on whether the sentence needs direct 라고, indirect 고, a source frame, or an academic summary noun. Say the completed sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle.
1. 저자는 “자료가 중요하다”＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
[jeo-ja-neun “ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-da”＿＿＿＿ bal-kyeot-da]
The author stated, “The data is important.” 📄
Answer
라고 — Exact words in quotation marks use direct quotation 라고.
2. 저자는 자료가 중요하＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
[jeo-ja-neun ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha＿＿＿＿ bal-kyeot-da]
The author stated that the data is important. 📄
Answer
다고 — Indirect statement: 중요하다 → 중요하다고.
3. 연구＿＿＿＿ 통계가 근거를 뒷받침한다.
[yeon-gu＿＿＿＿ tong-gye-ga geun-geo-reul dwit-bat-chim-han-da]
According to the study, the statistics support the evidence. 📊
Answer
에 따르면 — 연구에 따르면 means “according to the study.”
4. 논문은 결과가 명확하＿＿＿＿ 주장한다.
[non-mu-neun gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka＿＿＿＿ ju-jang-han-da]
The paper argues that the result is clear. 📑
Answer
다고 — 명확하다 → 명확하다고.
5. 자료는 변화가 나타났＿＿＿＿ 보고한다.
[ja-ryo-neun byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat＿＿＿＿ bo-go-han-da]
The data reports that a change appeared. 🔬
Answer
다고 — Past statement 나타났다 becomes 나타났다고.
6. 저자는 통계가 주장을 ＿＿＿＿고 분석한다.
[jeo-ja-neun tong-gye-ga ju-jang-eul ＿＿＿＿go bun-seo-kan-da]
The author analyzes that the statistics support the argument. 🧠
Answer
뒷받침한다 — 뒷받침한다고 분석한다 = analyzes that it supports.
7. 논문은 결과가 명확하＿＿＿＿ 점을 강조한다.
[non-mu-neun gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul gang-jo-han-da]
The paper emphasizes the point that the result is clear. 📌
Answer
다는 — Verb/adjective clause + -다는 점.
8. 이 결과가 근거＿＿＿＿ 점을 제시한다.
[i gyeol-gwa-ga geun-geo＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul je-si-han-da]
It presents the point that this result is evidence. 📎
Answer
라는 — Noun 근거 uses 라는 점.
9. 저자는 문제를 ＿＿＿＿한다고 지적한다.
[jeo-ja-neun mun-je-reul ＿＿＿＿han-da-go ji-jeo-kan-da]
The author points out that the problem is emphasized. ☝️
Answer
강조 — 강조한다고 지적한다 = points out that it is emphasized.
10. 자료＿＿＿＿ 결과가 타당하다고 설명한다.
[ja-ryo＿＿＿＿ gyeol-gwa-ga ta-dang-ha-da-go seol-myeong-han-da]
According to the data, it explains that the result is reasonable. ⚖️
Answer
에 의하면 — 자료에 의하면 is a formal “according to the data.”
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 저자 → author
  • 자료 → data/material
  • 중요하다 → to be important
  • 밝히다 → to reveal/state
  • 연구 → study/research
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 근거 → evidence/basis
  • 뒷받침하다 → to support
  • 논문 → academic paper
  • 결과 → result
  • 명확하다 → to be clear
  • 주장하다 → to argue/claim
  • 변화 → change
  • 나타나다 → to appear
  • 보고하다 → to report
  • 분석하다 → to analyze
  • 점 → point/fact
  • 강조하다 → to emphasize
  • 제시하다 → to present
  • 문제 → problem
  • 지적하다 → to point out
  • 타당하다 → to be reasonable/valid
  • 설명하다 → to explain
Tip 💡 Exact words? 라고. Summarized meaning? Usually 고 after the quoted ending.
🚀
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns citation grammar into tidy academic muscle memory. 🧠
 
📦
🎯 Practice Hub — Formal Quotations in Academic Writing
 
Welcome to your academic quotation lab. 🧪 You’ll practice direct quotation, indirect quotation, source frames, formal reporting verbs, and summary nouns like -다는 점 and -(이)라는 점. By the end, your Korean paragraphs should cite sources with a clipboard in one hand and a tiny espresso in the other. ☕
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a formal sentence aloud.
 
📝 Instructions: Complete each prompt, read the full Korean sentence aloud, then check the Answer toggle. Focus first on whether the sentence quotes exact words, reports meaning, introduces a source, or summarizes a key point.
 

Exercise 1 — Direct vs. Indirect Quotation 🔖

A. 저자는 “결과가 명확하다”＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
[jeo-ja-neun “gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da”＿＿＿＿ bal-kyeot-da]
The author stated, “The result is clear.” 📑
Answer
라고 — Direct exact quotation uses 라고.
B. 저자는 결과가 명확하＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
[jeo-ja-neun gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka＿＿＿＿ bal-kyeot-da]
The author stated that the result is clear. 📑
Answer
다고 — Indirect quotation: 명확하다고 밝혔다.
C. 논문은 “통계가 근거이다”＿＿＿＿ 설명한다.
[non-mu-neun “tong-gye-ga geun-geo-i-da”＿＿＿＿ seol-myeong-han-da]
The paper explains, “The statistics are evidence.” 📊
Answer
라고 — Exact quoted words take 라고.
D. 논문은 통계가 근거＿＿＿＿ 설명한다.
[non-mu-neun tong-gye-ga geun-geo＿＿＿＿ seol-myeong-han-da]
The paper explains that the statistics are evidence. 📊
Answer
라고 — For noun quotation, 근거라고 설명한다.
E. 자료는 “변화가 나타났다”＿＿＿＿ 보고한다.
[ja-ryo-neun “byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-da”＿＿＿＿ bo-go-han-da]
The data reports, “A change appeared.” 🔬
Answer
라고 — Direct quote with exact words.
F. 자료는 변화가 나타났＿＿＿＿ 보고한다.
[ja-ryo-neun byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat＿＿＿＿ bo-go-han-da]
The data reports that a change appeared. 🔬
Answer
다고 — Past indirect statement: 나타났다고.
G. 저자는 “문제가 있다”＿＿＿＿ 지적한다.
[jeo-ja-neun “mun-je-ga it-da”＿＿＿＿ ji-jeo-kan-da]
The author points out, “There is a problem.” ☝️
Answer
라고 — Exact quoted wording uses 라고.
H. 저자는 문제가 있＿＿＿＿ 지적한다.
[jeo-ja-neun mun-je-ga it＿＿＿＿ ji-jeo-kan-da]
The author points out that there is a problem. ☝️
Answer
다고 — 있다 → 있다고.
I. 논문은 “근거가 부족하다”＿＿＿＿ 주장한다.
[non-mu-neun “geun-geo-ga bu-jok-ha-da”＿＿＿＿ ju-jang-han-da]
The paper argues, “The evidence is insufficient.” 📉
Answer
라고 — Direct quotation: use 라고.
J. 논문은 근거가 부족하＿＿＿＿ 주장한다.
[non-mu-neun geun-geo-ga bu-jok-ha＿＿＿＿ ju-jang-han-da]
The paper argues that the evidence is insufficient. 📉
Answer
다고 — Indirect academic claim: 부족하다고 주장한다.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 저자 → author
  • 논문 → academic paper
  • 자료 → data/material
  • 결과 → result
  • 명확하다 → to be clear
  • 밝히다 → to state/reveal
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 근거 → evidence/basis
  • 설명하다 → to explain
  • 변화 → change
  • 나타나다 → to appear
  • 보고하다 → to report
  • 문제 → problem
  • 있다 → to exist/have
  • 지적하다 → to point out
  • 부족하다 → to be insufficient
  • 주장하다 → to argue/claim
Tip 💡 Quotation marks usually signal exact words, so choose 라고.
 

Exercise 2 — Source Frames: According to the Source 📚

A. 연구＿＿＿＿ 결과가 명확하다.
[yeon-gu＿＿＿＿ gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da]
According to the study, the result is clear. 📚
Answer
에 따르면 — 연구에 따르면 = according to the study.
B. 논문＿＿＿＿ 통계가 근거를 뒷받침한다.
[non-mun＿＿＿＿ tong-gye-ga geun-geo-reul dwit-bat-chim-han-da]
According to the paper, the statistics support the evidence. 📊
Answer
에 따르면 — A natural source frame for academic writing.
C. 자료＿＿＿＿ 변화가 나타났다.
[ja-ryo＿＿＿＿ byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-da]
According to the data, a change appeared. 🔬
Answer
에 따르면 — 자료에 따르면 = according to the data.
D. 통계＿＿＿＿ 결과가 타당하다.
[tong-gye＿＿＿＿ gyeol-gwa-ga ta-dang-ha-da]
According to the statistics, the result is reasonable. ⚖️
Answer
에 의하면 — Slightly formal “according to.”
E. 근거＿＿＿＿ 주장이 설득력이 있다.
[geun-geo＿＿＿＿ ju-jang-i seol-deuk-ryeo-gi it-da]
According to the evidence, the argument is persuasive. 🧠
Answer
에 의하면 — Formal source frame.
F. 저자＿＿＿＿ 문제가 중요하다.
[jeo-ja＿＿＿＿ mun-je-ga jung-yo-ha-da]
According to the author, the problem is important. ✍️
Answer
에 따르면 — 저자에 따르면 = according to the author.
G. 연구＿＿＿＿ 자료가 부족하다고 보고한다.
[yeon-gu＿＿＿＿ ja-ryo-ga bu-jok-ha-da-go bo-go-han-da]
According to the study, it reports that the data is insufficient. 📉
Answer
에 따르면 — Source frame + indirect quotation.
H. 논문＿＿＿＿ 근거가 명확하다고 설명한다.
[non-mun＿＿＿＿ geun-geo-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da-go seol-myeong-han-da]
According to the paper, it explains that the evidence is clear. 📑
Answer
에 의하면 — More formal source frame.
I. 자료＿＿＿＿ 통계가 주장을 뒷받침한다고 분석한다.
[ja-ryo＿＿＿＿ tong-gye-ga ju-jang-eul dwit-bat-chim-han-da-go bun-seo-kan-da]
According to the data, it analyzes that the statistics support the argument. 🔍
Answer
에 따르면 — Introduces the source before the academic report.
J. 통계＿＿＿＿ 변화가 나타났다는 점을 제시한다.
[tong-gye＿＿＿＿ byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-da-neun jeo-meul je-si-han-da]
According to the statistics, it presents the point that a change appeared. 📊
Answer
에 따르면 — Source frame + -다는 점.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 연구 → study/research
  • 논문 → academic paper
  • 자료 → data/material
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 근거 → evidence/basis
  • 저자 → author
  • 결과 → result
  • 명확하다 → to be clear
  • 뒷받침하다 → to support
  • 변화 → change
  • 나타나다 → to appear
  • 타당하다 → to be reasonable/valid
  • 주장 → argument/claim
  • 설득력 → persuasiveness
  • 문제 → problem
  • 중요하다 → to be important
  • 부족하다 → to be insufficient
  • 보고하다 → to report
  • 설명하다 → to explain
  • 분석하다 → to analyze
  • 제시하다 → to present
Tip 💡 에 따르면 is common and natural; 에 의하면 feels a bit more formal.
 

Exercise 3 — Academic Reporting Verbs 🧠

A. 저자는 통계가 근거를 뒷받침한다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[jeo-ja-neun tong-gye-ga geun-geo-reul dwit-bat-chim-han-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The author argues that the statistics support the evidence. 📊
Answer
주장한다 — Use 주장하다 when the author makes a claim.
B. 논문은 결과가 명확하다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[non-mu-neun gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The paper explains that the result is clear. 🪄
Answer
설명한다 — 설명하다 = to explain.
C. 자료는 변화가 나타났다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[ja-ryo-neun byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The data reports that a change appeared. 🔬
Answer
보고한다 — Findings and data pair naturally with 보고하다.
D. 저자는 문제가 있다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[jeo-ja-neun mun-je-ga it-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The author points out that there is a problem. ☝️
Answer
지적한다 — 지적하다 highlights a problem or detail.
E. 논문은 통계가 주장을 뒷받침한다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[non-mu-neun tong-gye-ga ju-jang-eul dwit-bat-chim-han-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The paper analyzes that the statistics support the argument. 🔍
Answer
분석한다 — 분석하다 = to analyze.
F. 저자는 자료가 중요하다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[jeo-ja-neun ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The author states that the data is important. 💡
Answer
밝힌다 — 밝히다 sounds formal and source-like.
G. 논문은 근거를 ＿＿＿＿한다.
[non-mu-neun geun-geo-reul ＿＿＿＿han-da]
The paper presents evidence. 📌
Answer
제시 — 근거를 제시한다 = presents evidence.
H. 저자는 논문을 ＿＿＿＿한다.
[jeo-ja-neun non-mu-neul ＿＿＿＿han-da]
The author cites the paper. 🔖
Answer
인용 — 논문을 인용한다 = cites the paper.
I. 자료는 결과가 타당하다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[ja-ryo-neun gyeol-gwa-ga ta-dang-ha-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The data shows that the result is reasonable. ⚖️
Answer
보여 준다 — 보여 주다 = to show.
J. 연구는 주장이 설득력이 있다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[yeon-gu-neun ju-jang-i seol-deuk-ryeo-gi it-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The study reveals that the argument is persuasive. 🧠
Answer
밝힌다 — Formal statement of a finding.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 저자 → author
  • 논문 → academic paper
  • 자료 → data/material
  • 연구 → study/research
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 근거 → evidence/basis
  • 뒷받침하다 → to support
  • 주장하다 → to argue/claim
  • 결과 → result
  • 명확하다 → to be clear
  • 설명하다 → to explain
  • 변화 → change
  • 보고하다 → to report
  • 문제 → problem
  • 지적하다 → to point out
  • 분석하다 → to analyze
  • 중요하다 → to be important
  • 밝히다 → to reveal/state
  • 제시하다 → to present
  • 인용하다 → to cite/quote
  • 보여 주다 → to show
  • 타당하다 → to be reasonable/valid
  • 설득력 → persuasiveness
Tip 💡 Reporting verbs show the source’s job: arguing, explaining, reporting, pointing out, or analyzing.
 

Exercise 4 — -다는 점 and -(이)라는 점 📌

A. 자료가 중요하＿＿＿＿ 점을 강조한다.
[ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul gang-jo-han-da]
It emphasizes the point that the data is important. 📄
Answer
다는 — Adjective/verb statement + -다는 점.
B. 결과가 명확하＿＿＿＿ 점을 제시한다.
[gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul je-si-han-da]
It presents the point that the result is clear. 📑
Answer
다는 — 명확하다는 점.
C. 통계가 근거＿＿＿＿ 점을 설명한다.
[tong-gye-ga geun-geo＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul seol-myeong-han-da]
It explains the point that the statistics are evidence. 📊
Answer
라는 — Noun 근거 uses 라는 점.
D. 문제가 있＿＿＿＿ 점을 지적한다.
[mun-je-ga it＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul ji-jeo-kan-da]
It points out the fact that there is a problem. ☝️
Answer
다는 — 있다는 점.
E. 변화가 나타났＿＿＿＿ 점을 보고한다.
[byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul bo-go-han-da]
It reports the fact that a change appeared. 🔬
Answer
다는 — Past statement + -다는 점.
F. 이 결과가 근거＿＿＿＿ 점을 강조한다.
[i gyeol-gwa-ga geun-geo＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul gang-jo-han-da]
It emphasizes the point that this result is evidence. 📌
Answer
라는 — Noun + 라는 점.
G. 주장이 설득력이 있＿＿＿＿ 점을 분석한다.
[ju-jang-i seol-deuk-ryeo-gi it＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul bun-seo-kan-da]
It analyzes the point that the argument is persuasive. 🧠
Answer
다는 — 설득력이 있다는 점.
H. 통계가 주장을 뒷받침한＿＿＿＿ 점을 보여 준다.
[tong-gye-ga ju-jang-eul dwit-bat-chim-han＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul bo-yeo jun-da]
It shows the point that the statistics support the argument. 📊
Answer
다는 — 뒷받침한다는 점; the visible stem already leads into the full form.
I. 자료가 부족하＿＿＿＿ 점을 밝힌다.
[ja-ryo-ga bu-jok-ha＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul bal-kin-da]
It states the fact that the data is insufficient. 📉
Answer
다는 — 부족하다는 점.
J. 그 통계가 핵심 근거＿＿＿＿ 점을 제시한다.
[geu tong-gye-ga haek-sim geun-geo＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul je-si-han-da]
It presents the point that those statistics are key evidence. 🔑
Answer
라는 — Noun phrase 핵심 근거 uses 라는 점.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 자료 → data/material
  • 중요하다 → to be important
  • 점 → point/fact
  • 강조하다 → to emphasize
  • 결과 → result
  • 명확하다 → to be clear
  • 제시하다 → to present
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 근거 → evidence/basis
  • 설명하다 → to explain
  • 문제 → problem
  • 있다 → to exist/have
  • 지적하다 → to point out
  • 변화 → change
  • 나타나다 → to appear
  • 보고하다 → to report
  • 주장 → argument/claim
  • 설득력 → persuasiveness
  • 분석하다 → to analyze
  • 뒷받침하다 → to support
  • 보여 주다 → to show
  • 부족하다 → to be insufficient
  • 밝히다 → to reveal/state
  • 핵심 → core/key
Tip 💡 Verb/adjective idea → -다는 점. Noun identity → -(이)라는 점.
 

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. ❌ 저자는 “중요하다”고 밝혔다. → ✅ 저자는 “중요하다”＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
[jeo-ja-neun “jung-yo-ha-da”go bal-kyeot-da → jeo-ja-neun “jung-yo-ha-da”＿＿＿＿ bal-kyeot-da]
Fix the direct quotation marker. 💬
Answer
라고 — Exact direct quotation is best marked with 라고.
B. ❌ 저자는 자료가 중요하다라고 밝혔다. → ✅ 저자는 자료가 중요하＿＿＿＿ 밝혔다.
[jeo-ja-neun ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-da-ra-go bal-kyeot-da → jeo-ja-neun ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha＿＿＿＿ bal-kyeot-da]
Fix the indirect quotation. 📄
Answer
다고 — Indirect adjective statement uses -다고.
C. ❌ 결과가 근거다는 점 → ✅ 결과가 근거＿＿＿＿ 점
[gyeol-gwa-ga geun-geo-da-neun jeom → gyeol-gwa-ga geun-geo＿＿＿＿ jeom]
Fix the noun summary form. 📌
Answer
라는 — Noun 근거 uses 라는 점.
D. 논문＿＿＿＿ 결과가 타당하다고 주장한다.
[non-mun＿＿＿＿ gyeol-gwa-ga ta-dang-ha-da-go ju-jang-han-da]
According to the paper, it argues that the result is reasonable. ⚖️
Answer
에 따르면 — Introduce the source with 에 따르면.
E. 자료는 문제가 있다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[ja-ryo-neun mun-je-ga it-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The data reports that there is a problem. ⚠️
Answer
보고한다 — Data and findings pair naturally with 보고하다.
F. 저자는 통계가 주장을 뒷받침한다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[jeo-ja-neun tong-gye-ga ju-jang-eul dwit-bat-chim-han-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The author analyzes that the statistics support the argument. 📊
Answer
분석한다 — This reports analysis, not just saying.
G. 연구는 근거가 부족하＿＿＿＿ 점을 지적한다.
[yeon-gu-neun geun-geo-ga bu-jok-ha＿＿＿＿ jeo-meul ji-jeo-kan-da]
The study points out the fact that the evidence is insufficient. 📉
Answer
다는 — 부족하다는 점 = the point that it is insufficient.
H. 저자는 “통계가 중요하다”＿＿＿＿ 인용한다.
[jeo-ja-neun “tong-gye-ga jung-yo-ha-da”＿＿＿＿ i-nyong-han-da]
The author quotes, “The statistics are important.” 🔖
Answer
라고 — Exact quoted wording with 인용하다.
I. 자료＿＿＿＿ 변화가 나타났다는 점을 보여 준다.
[ja-ryo＿＿＿＿ byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-da-neun jeo-meul bo-yeo jun-da]
According to the data, it shows that a change appeared. 🔬
Answer
에 의하면 — Formal source frame.
J. 논문은 결과가 명확하다고 ＿＿＿＿.
[non-mu-neun gyeol-gwa-ga myeong-hwa-ka-da-go ＿＿＿＿]
The paper states that the result is clear. 💡
Answer
밝힌다 — 밝히다 gives a formal “states/reveals” tone.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 저자 → author
  • 중요하다 → to be important
  • 밝히다 → to reveal/state
  • 자료 → data/material
  • 결과 → result
  • 근거 → evidence/basis
  • 점 → point/fact
  • 논문 → academic paper
  • 타당하다 → to be reasonable/valid
  • 주장하다 → to argue/claim
  • 문제 → problem
  • 보고하다 → to report
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 뒷받침하다 → to support
  • 분석하다 → to analyze
  • 연구 → study/research
  • 부족하다 → to be insufficient
  • 지적하다 → to point out
  • 인용하다 → to quote/cite
  • 변화 → change
  • 나타나다 → to appear
  • 보여 주다 → to show
  • 명확하다 → to be clear
Tip 💡 Pitfall patrol: exact quote 라고, indirect statement -다고, noun summary -(이)라는 점, and precise reporting verbs.
 
🎉 You handled the quote lab beautifully. Now your academic Korean can cite sources, report claims, summarize key points, and avoid quotation-marker chaos like a very polite research librarian. 📚✨