TL;DR 🦄
- 🏛️ -(으)로 말미암아 [-(eu)-ro mal-mi-a-ma] means due to / owing to / as a result of, with a formal, written, official-report feeling.
- 🧾 It attaches mostly to a cause noun: 폭우로 말미암아 [po-gu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] = due to heavy rain; 지진으로 말미암아 [ji-ji-neu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] = due to an earthquake.
- ⚠️ Use it for serious written causes, not tiny daily excuses. 커피로 말미암아 행복해졌어요 sounds like the coffee launched a government inquiry. ☕🏛️
🎧 Iru Helper Note — Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear 말미암아, 말미암은, 폭우로 말미암아, and 지진으로 말미암아. This pattern lives in formal writing, so listen for its polished “official notice” rhythm. 📢
🌈 The Big Picture
-(으)로 말미암아 is a formal written way to say that one thing caused another thing. It is close to English “due to,” “owing to,” or “as a result of.”
The base verb is 말미암다 [mal-mi-am-tta], meaning for some phenomenon or thing to become the cause or reason. The form 말미암아 [mal-mi-a-ma] is the connector form, and 말미암은 [mal-mi-a-meun] is the noun-modifying form: caused by / resulting from.
You will usually see this pattern in:
- 📰 news and reports
- 🏛️ official notices
- 📊 essays and formal explanations
- ⚖️ legal, policy, or public-safety style writing
- 🌧️ serious cause → result situations, especially damage, change, delay, decrease, confusion, or restriction
Everyday Korean usually prefers 때문에 [ttae-mu-ne] = because of, or -아서/어서 [-a-seo/eo-seo] = because/so. -(으)로 말미암아 is the suit-and-tie version. It does not come to brunch in sweatpants. 🕴️
🎨 The Core 말미암아 Family
1. Cause noun + 로 말미암아
Use 로 말미암아 after a vowel-ending noun or a noun ending in ㄹ.
- 폭우로 말미암아 [po-gu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to heavy rain 🌧️
- 화재로 말미암아 [hwa-jae-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to a fire 🔥
- 고령화로 말미암아 [go-ryeong-hwa-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to population aging 👵
- 정책 변화로 말미암아 [jeong-chaek byeon-hwa-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to a policy change 📜
2. Cause noun + 으로 말미암아
Use 으로 말미암아 after most consonant-ending nouns.
- 지진으로 말미암아 [ji-ji-neu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to an earthquake 🌎
- 정전으로 말미암아 [jeong-jeo-neu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to a power outage 💡
- 감염으로 말미암아 [ga-myeo-meu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to infection 🦠
- 소음으로 말미암아 [so-eu-meu-ro mal-mi-a-ma] — due to noise 🔊
3. Cause noun + 에 말미암아
에 말미암아 is also possible and means due to / caused by, but N(으)로 말미암아 is the most useful form for this lesson.
- 오해에 말미암아 [o-hae-e mal-mi-a-ma] — due to a misunderstanding 🌀
- 가난에 말미암은 어려움 [ga-na-ne mal-mi-a-meun eo-ryeo-um] — hardship caused by poverty 🧱
4. N(으)로 말미암은 + noun
Use 말미암은 before a noun when you mean N caused by / resulting from...
- 폭우로 말미암은 피해 [po-gu-ro mal-mi-a-meun pi-hae] — damage caused by heavy rain 🌧️
- 실수로 말미암은 혼란 [sil-su-ro mal-mi-a-meun hol-lan] — confusion caused by a mistake 🧩
- 기후 변화로 말미암은 위기 [gi-hu byeon-hwa-ro mal-mi-a-meun wi-gi] — a crisis caused by climate change 🌡️
🛠️ How It Works in a Sentence
- 폭우로 말미암아 도로가 통제되었습니다.
[po-gu-ro mal-mi-a-ma do-ro-ga tong-je-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to heavy rain, the road was restricted/closed. 🌧️
폭우 = heavy rain; 도로 = road; 통제되다 = to be restricted/controlled.
- 부주의로 말미암아 사고가 발생했습니다.
[bu-ju-ui-ro mal-mi-a-ma sa-go-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to carelessness, an accident occurred. ⚠️
부주의 = carelessness; 사고 = accident; 발생하다 = to occur.
- 기후 변화로 말미암은 피해가 커지고 있습니다.
[gi-hu byeon-hwa-ro mal-mi-a-meun pi-hae-ga keo-ji-go it-seum-ni-da]
The damage caused by climate change is growing. 🌡️
기후 변화 = climate change; 피해 = damage; 커지다 = to grow / become bigger.
🧩 General Formation Rule
Cause noun ending in a vowel or ㄹ + 로 말미암아
- 폭우 [po-gu] = heavy rain → 폭우로 말미암아 = due to heavy rain
- 화재 [hwa-jae] = fire → 화재로 말미암아 = due to a fire
- 실수 [sil-su] = mistake → 실수로 말미암아 = due to a mistake
- 불 [bul] = fire/flame → 불로 말미암아 = due to fire
Cause noun ending in most consonants + 으로 말미암아
- 지진 [ji-jin] = earthquake → 지진으로 말미암아 = due to an earthquake
- 정전 [jeong-jeon] = power outage → 정전으로 말미암아 = due to a power outage
- 감염 [ga-myeom] = infection → 감염으로 말미암아 = due to infection
- 지연 [ji-yeon] = delay → 지연으로 말미암아 = due to delay
Useful formal-result frames
These pair naturally with -(으)로 말미암아:
- 피해가 발생하다 [pi-hae-ga bal-saeng-ha-da] — damage occurs
- 혼란이 생기다 [hol-la-ni saeng-gi-da] — confusion arises
- 일정이 변경되다 [il-jeo-ngi byeon-gyeong-doe-da] — a schedule is changed
- 회의가 취소되다 [hoe-ui-ga chwi-so-doe-da] — a meeting is canceled
- 비용이 증가하다 [bi-yo-ngi jeung-ga-ha-da] — costs increase
- 인구가 감소하다 [in-gu-ga gam-so-ha-da] — the population decreases
- 갈등이 커지다 [gal-deu-ngi keo-ji-da] — conflict grows
- 출입이 제한되다 [chu-ri-bi je-han-doe-da] — entry is restricted
📚 Cross-check note
The definition and forms of 말미암다 — including 말미암아, 말미암은, and the patterns with 에 / (으)로 — were cross-checked against korean.go.kr. ✅
🪞 Synonym Alert
These all explain reasons, but they do different jobs:
- -(으)로 말미암아 — due to / owing to; formal written cause 🏛️
- -로 인해 / -로 인하여 — due to; formal and common in reports 📄
- -기 때문에 — because; clear, flexible, and strong 💪
- 때문에 — because of; everyday and common 🌱
- -(으)므로 — because/since; formal written reason 🧾
- 탓에 — because of; often negative blame ⚡
- 그러므로 — therefore; connects one sentence to a conclusion ➡️
⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge
- ❌ 지진로 말미암아 → ✅ 지진으로 말미암아 (consonant-ending noun + 으로).
- ❌ 폭우으로 말미암아 → ✅ 폭우로 말미암아 (vowel-ending noun + 로).
- ❌ 비가 오로 말미암아 → ✅ 폭우로 말미암아 or 비가 와서 (this pattern usually wants a cause noun).
- ❌ Using -(으)로 말미암아 for tiny casual reasons → ✅ use 때문에 in everyday speech.
- ❌ Confusing 말미암아 with 말하다 “to speak” → ✅ 말미암다 means “to be caused by / to result from.”
- ⚠️ -로써 often marks means/method; -로 말미암아 marks cause. Do not mix them casually.
🏛️ Bottom line: -(으)로 말미암아 turns a serious cause into a formal written explanation. Use it for reports, official notices, essays, and polished cause-result writing — not for explaining why your snack disappeared. 🍪
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each formal cause phrase with 로 말미암아, 으로 말미암아, or 말미암은. Read the completed sentence aloud, then check the Answer toggle.
1. 폭우____ 도로가 통제되었습니다.
[po-gu____ do-ro-ga tong-je-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to heavy rain, the road was restricted. 🌧️
Answer
폭우로 말미암아 — 폭우 ends in a vowel, so use 로.
2. 지진____ 피해가 발생했습니다.
[ji-jin____ pi-hae-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to an earthquake, damage occurred. 🌎
Answer
지진으로 말미암아 — consonant-ending noun + 으로.
3. 화재____ 출입이 제한되었습니다.
[hwa-jae____ chu-ri-bi je-han-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a fire, entry was restricted. 🔥
Answer
화재로 말미암아 — vowel-ending noun + 로.
4. 정전____ 회의가 취소되었습니다.
[jeong-jeon____ hoe-ui-ga chwi-so-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a power outage, the meeting was canceled. 💡
Answer
정전으로 말미암아.
5. 실수____ 혼란이 생겼습니다.
[sil-su____ hol-la-ni saeng-gyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a mistake, confusion arose. 🧩
Answer
실수로 말미암아.
6. 감염____ 일정이 변경되었습니다.
[ga-myeom____ il-jeo-ngi byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to infection, the schedule was changed. 🦠
Answer
감염으로 말미암아.
7. 고령화____ 인구가 감소했습니다.
[go-ryeong-hwa____ in-gu-ga gam-so-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to population aging, the population decreased. 👵
Answer
고령화로 말미암아.
8. 소음____ 갈등이 커졌습니다.
[so-eum____ gal-deu-ngi keo-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to noise, the conflict grew. 🔊
Answer
소음으로 말미암아.
9. 기후 변화로 ____ 피해
[gi-hu byeon-hwa-ro ____ pi-hae]
damage caused by climate change 🌡️
Answer
말미암은 — noun-modifying form before 피해.
10. ❌ 폭우으로 말미암아 → ✅ ____
Answer
폭우로 말미암아 — 폭우 ends in a vowel.
Vocabulary Box
- 폭우 → heavy rain
- 도로 → road
- 통제되다 → to be restricted/controlled
- 지진 → earthquake
- 피해 → damage
- 화재 → fire
- 출입 → entry
- 정전 → power outage
- 회의 → meeting
- 실수 → mistake
- 혼란 → confusion
- 감염 → infection
- 고령화 → population aging
- 기후 변화 → climate change
Tip 💡 Vowel or ㄹ ending → 로; most consonant endings → 으로.
Want more reps? Keep going into the Practice Hub below for formal cause-result training. 🏛️
🎯 Practice Hub — Formal Reason (Written): -(으)로 말미암아
Welcome to the formal-cause control room. 🏛️ You’ll practice choosing 로 vs 으로, using 말미암은 before nouns, and keeping this pattern in its natural home: serious written cause-result sentences. Tiny snack excuses may wait outside. 🍪
🔊 Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a formal sentence aloud.
📝 Instructions: Fill each blank, read the full Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. Focus on the cause noun, the particle choice, and whether the result sounds formal enough for 말미암아.
Exercise 1 — Cause Noun + 로 말미암아 🏛️
A. 화재____ 출입이 제한되었습니다.
[hwa-jae____ chu-ri-bi je-han-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a fire, entry was restricted. 🔥
Answer
화재로 말미암아 — 화재 ends in a vowel.
B. 부주의____ 사고가 발생했습니다.
[bu-ju-ui____ sa-go-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to carelessness, an accident occurred. ⚠️
Answer
부주의로 말미암아.
C. 정책 변화____ 비용이 증가했습니다.
[jeong-chaek byeon-hwa____ bi-yo-ngi jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to a policy change, costs increased. 📜
Answer
정책 변화로 말미암아.
D. 고령화____ 인력 부족이 심해졌습니다.
[go-ryeong-hwa____ il-lyeok bu-jo-gi sim-hae-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to population aging, the labor shortage worsened. 👵
Answer
고령화로 말미암아.
E. 기후 변화____ 농작물 피해가 늘었습니다.
[gi-hu byeon-hwa____ nong-jang-mul pi-hae-ga neu-reot-seum-ni-da]
Due to climate change, crop damage increased. 🌡️
Answer
기후 변화로 말미암아.
F. 자료 오류____ 결론이 달라졌습니다.
[ja-ryo o-ryu____ gyeol-lo-ni dal-la-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a data error, the conclusion changed. 📊
Answer
자료 오류로 말미암아.
G. 불____ 안전 문제가 생겼습니다.
[bul____ an-jeon mun-je-ga saeng-gyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to fire, a safety problem arose. 🔥
Answer
불로 말미암아 — nouns ending in ㄹ use 로.
H. 오해____ 갈등이 커졌습니다.
[o-hae____ gal-deu-ngi keo-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a misunderstanding, the conflict grew. 🌀
Answer
오해로 말미암아.
I. 시스템 오류____ 접속이 중단되었습니다.
[si-seu-tem o-ryu____ jeop-so-gi jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a system error, access was interrupted. 💻
Answer
시스템 오류로 말미암아.
J. 도시화____ 생활 방식이 바뀌었습니다.
[do-si-hwa____ saeng-hwal bang-si-gi ba-kkwi-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to urbanization, lifestyles changed. 🏙️
Answer
도시화로 말미암아.
Vocabulary Box
- 화재 → fire
- 부주의 → carelessness
- 정책 변화 → policy change
- 고령화 → population aging
- 인력 부족 → labor shortage
- 기후 변화 → climate change
- 농작물 피해 → crop damage
- 자료 오류 → data error
- 결론 → conclusion
- 불 → fire/flame
- 오해 → misunderstanding
- 접속 → access/connection
- 도시화 → urbanization
Tip 💡 로 말미암아 appears after vowel-ending nouns and ㄹ-ending nouns.
Exercise 2 — Cause Noun + 으로 말미암아 🌎
A. 지진____ 건물이 손상되었습니다.
[ji-jin____ geon-mu-ri son-sang-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to an earthquake, the building was damaged. 🏢
Answer
지진으로 말미암아 — consonant-ending noun + 으로.
B. 정전____ 행사가 연기되었습니다.
[jeong-jeon____ haeng-sa-ga yeon-gi-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a power outage, the event was postponed. 💡
Answer
정전으로 말미암아.
C. 감염____ 방문이 제한되었습니다.
[ga-myeom____ bang-mu-ni je-han-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to infection, visits were restricted. 🦠
Answer
감염으로 말미암아.
D. 소음____ 민원이 증가했습니다.
[so-eum____ mi-nwo-ni jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to noise, complaints increased. 🔊
Answer
소음으로 말미암아.
E. 지연____ 비용이 증가했습니다.
[ji-yeon____ bi-yo-ngi jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to delay, costs increased. ⏳
Answer
지연으로 말미암아.
F. 혼란____ 결정이 늦어졌습니다.
[hol-lan____ gyeol-jeo-ngi neu-jeo-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to confusion, the decision was delayed. 🧭
Answer
혼란으로 말미암아.
G. 전쟁____ 많은 피해가 발생했습니다.
[jeon-jaeng____ ma-neun pi-hae-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Due to war, much damage occurred. 🕊️
Answer
전쟁으로 말미암아.
H. 폭설____ 교통이 마비되었습니다.
[pok-seol____ gyo-to-ngi ma-bi-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to heavy snow, traffic was paralyzed. ❄️
Answer
폭설로 말미암아 — 폭설 ends in ㄹ, so use 로, not 으로.
I. 안전 문제____ 출입이 제한되었습니다.
[an-jeon mun-je____ chu-ri-bi je-han-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Due to a safety issue, entry was restricted. 🚧
Answer
안전 문제로 말미암아 — the final noun 문제 ends in a vowel.
J. 인구 감소____ 지역 경제가 어려워졌습니다.
[in-gu gam-so____ ji-yeok gyeong-je-ga eo-ryeo-wo-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
Due to population decline, the local economy became difficult. 🏘️
Answer
인구 감소로 말미암아 — the final noun 감소 ends in a vowel.
Vocabulary Box
- 지진 → earthquake
- 건물 → building
- 손상되다 → to be damaged
- 정전 → power outage
- 행사 → event
- 연기되다 → to be postponed
- 감염 → infection
- 소음 → noise
- 민원 → complaint
- 지연 → delay
- 혼란 → confusion
- 전쟁 → war
- 폭설 → heavy snow
- 지역 경제 → local economy
Tip 💡 Most consonant-ending nouns take 으로, but ㄹ-ending nouns take 로.
Exercise 3 — 말미암은: “Caused By...” 🧾
A. 폭우로 ____ 피해가 복구되고 있습니다.
[po-gu-ro ____ pi-hae-ga bok-gu-doe-go it-seum-ni-da]
The damage caused by heavy rain is being repaired. 🌧️
Answer
말미암은 — use 말미암은 before a noun.
B. 실수로 ____ 혼란을 줄여야 합니다.
[sil-su-ro ____ hol-la-neul ju-ryeo-ya ham-ni-da]
We must reduce the confusion caused by a mistake. 🧩
Answer
말미암은.
C. 기후 변화로 ____ 위기가 심각합니다.
[gi-hu byeon-hwa-ro ____ wi-gi-ga sim-ga-kam-ni-da]
The crisis caused by climate change is serious. 🌡️
Answer
말미암은.
D. 정전으로 ____ 불편이 계속되었습니다.
[jeong-jeo-neu-ro ____ bul-pyeo-ni gye-sok-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The inconvenience caused by a power outage continued. 💡
Answer
말미암은.
E. 소음으로 ____ 갈등을 해결해야 합니다.
[so-eu-meu-ro ____ gal-deu-ngeul hae-gyeol-hae-ya ham-ni-da]
We must resolve the conflict caused by noise. 🔊
Answer
말미암은.
F. 감염으로 ____ 일정 변경을 안내했습니다.
[ga-myeo-meu-ro ____ il-jeong byeon-gyeo-ngeul an-nae-haet-seum-ni-da]
They announced the schedule change caused by infection. 🦠
Answer
말미암은.
G. 오해로 ____ 불신이 커졌습니다.
[o-hae-ro ____ bul-si-ni keo-jyeot-seum-ni-da]
The distrust caused by misunderstanding grew. 🌀
Answer
말미암은.
H. 고령화로 ____ 변화가 나타났습니다.
[go-ryeong-hwa-ro ____ byeon-hwa-ga na-ta-nat-seum-ni-da]
Changes caused by population aging appeared. 👵
Answer
말미암은.
I. 전쟁으로 ____ 상처는 오래 남았습니다.
[jeon-jae-ngeu-ro ____ sang-cheo-neun o-rae na-mat-seum-ni-da]
The wounds caused by war remained for a long time. 🕊️
Answer
말미암은.
J. 자료 오류로 ____ 판단을 바로잡았습니다.
[ja-ryo o-ryu-ro ____ pan-da-neul ba-ro-ja-bat-seum-ni-da]
They corrected the judgment caused by a data error. 📊
Answer
말미암은.
Vocabulary Box
- 말미암은 → caused by / resulting from
- 복구되다 → to be restored/repaired
- 줄이다 → to reduce
- 위기 → crisis
- 불편 → inconvenience
- 해결하다 → to solve
- 안내하다 → to announce/guide
- 불신 → distrust
- 변화 → change
- 상처 → wound
- 판단 → judgment
- 바로잡다 → to correct
Tip 💡 말미암아 connects clauses; 말미암은 describes a noun.
Exercise 4 — Formal Cause vs Everyday Cause 🧭
A. Formal report: “Due to heavy rain, the bridge was closed.”
① 폭우로 말미암아 다리가 폐쇄되었습니다.
② 비 때문에 다리를 못 건너요.
Answer
① — formal report style. 폭우 = heavy rain; 폐쇄되다 = to be closed.
B. Casual chat: “Because of coffee, I can’t sleep.”
① 커피로 말미암아 수면이 제한되었습니다.
② 커피 때문에 잠이 안 와요.
Answer
② — casual daily cause. 커피로 말미암아 is too heavy for normal chat.
C. Official notice: “Due to infection, visits are restricted.”
① 감염으로 말미암아 방문이 제한됩니다.
② 감염이라서 방문을 못 해요.
Answer
① — formal notice style.
D. Everyday excuse: “Because I’m tired, I’m resting.”
① 피로로 말미암아 휴식 중입니다.
② 피곤해서 쉬고 있어요.
Answer
② — everyday speech. 피로로 말미암아 sounds like a medical report.
E. Written analysis: “Due to population decline, schools closed.”
① 인구 감소로 말미암아 학교가 문을 닫았습니다.
② 사람이 줄어서 학교가 닫았어요.
Answer
① — polished written analysis.
F. Formal memo: “Due to delay, the budget was revised.”
① 지연으로 말미암아 예산이 수정되었습니다.
② 늦어서 돈 계획을 바꿨어요.
Answer
① — 예산 = budget; 수정되다 = to be revised.
G. Friendly text: “Because of rain, I’m staying home.”
① 비로 말미암아 자택에 머무릅니다.
② 비 때문에 집에 있어요.
Answer
② — natural friendly speech.
H. News style: “Due to war, refugees increased.”
① 전쟁으로 말미암아 난민이 증가했습니다.
② 전쟁 때문에 사람이 많이 힘들어요.
Answer
① — news/report style. 난민 = refugee.
I. Formal safety line: “Due to a safety issue, access is blocked.”
① 안전 문제로 말미암아 접근이 차단됩니다.
② 위험해서 못 들어가요.
Answer
① — formal safety notice.
J. Casual feeling: “Because of the noise, my head hurts.”
① 소음으로 말미암아 두통이 발생했습니다.
② 소음 때문에 머리가 아파요.
Answer
② — normal personal complaint. The first sounds like an incident report.
Vocabulary Box
- 다리 → bridge/leg
- 폐쇄되다 → to be closed/shut down
- 커피 → coffee
- 잠이 안 오다 → cannot sleep
- 방문 → visit
- 피곤하다 → to be tired
- 쉬다 → to rest
- 학교 → school
- 예산 → budget
- 난민 → refugee
- 접근 → access/approach
- 두통 → headache
Tip 💡 말미암아 is formal and written; 때문에 is everyday and flexible.
Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️
A. ❌ 지진로 말미암아 → ✅ ____
Answer
지진으로 말미암아 — 지진 ends in ㄴ, so use 으로.
B. ❌ 화재으로 말미암아 → ✅ ____
Answer
화재로 말미암아 — 화재 ends in a vowel.
C. ❌ 불으로 말미암아 → ✅ ____
Answer
불로 말미암아 — ㄹ-ending nouns use 로.
D. 말미암은 means:
Answer
caused by / resulting from — it modifies a following noun, as in 폭우로 말미암은 피해.
E. Choose the formal written cause:
① 때문에
② -(으)로 말미암아
Answer
② — -(으)로 말미암아 is the formal written choice.
F. Choose the everyday cause:
① 커피 때문에 잠이 안 와요.
② 커피로 말미암아 수면이 제한되었습니다.
Answer
① — everyday cause uses 때문에.
G. 폭우로 말미암은 피해 means:
Answer
damage caused by heavy rain. 피해 = damage.
H. Translate: “Due to infection, the schedule changed.”
Answer
감염으로 말미암아 일정이 변경되었습니다.
I. Translate: “The confusion caused by a mistake increased.”
Answer
실수로 말미암은 혼란이 커졌습니다.
J. Final tone check: -(으)로 말미암아 usually sounds:
Answer
Formal, written, official, report-like, and serious — excellent for documents, not casual chatter.
Final Check
- vowel-ending noun → 로 말미암아
- ㄹ-ending noun → 로 말미암아
- most consonant-ending nouns → 으로 말미암아
- before a noun → 말미암은
- everyday speech → usually 때문에
Tip 💡 Use 말미암아 when the sentence could wear a badge that says “official written cause.” 🏛️
🎉 You finished the formal-cause workout. Now you can read and write polished cause-result Korean like 폭우로 말미암아, 지진으로 말미암아, and 기후 변화로 말미암은 피해. Official Korean unlocked — clipboard not included. 📋✨