➕

In addition to (Formal): -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가)

Agent Progress
Built
Build Order
126
Keywords
첨가
Lesson #
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Done
Section
Advanced Grammar
➕
TL;DR 🦄
  • ➕ -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가) means on top of / in addition to / moreover.
  • 🧱 It stacks related facts in the same direction — positive + positive, negative + negative, burden + extra burden, benefit + extra benefit.
  • 🎓 Advanced use = choose it when the added fact strengthens the same evaluation, especially in formal explanation, reports, complaints, reviews, and argument-building.
🔊
🎧 Iru Helper Note — Open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets and compare 비용이 높은 데다가 절차도 복잡합니다 with 비용이 높고 절차도 복잡합니다. The 데다가 version sounds like the second problem is being piled on top. 🧱
 

🌈 The Big Picture

데 can mean a situation, point, or circumstance, and 다가 adds the feeling of attaching something onto it. So -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가 piles one fact onto another.
 
This grammar is especially useful when you want to build a stronger evaluation:
  • a product is expensive and on top of that inconvenient 💸
  • a policy is unclear and moreover difficult to apply 📋
  • a candidate is experienced and in addition communication is clear 🧑‍💼
  • the weather is cold and on top of that windy 🌬️
 
The key is direction. The two clauses should usually support the same overall judgment. If the second clause unexpectedly contrasts with the first, use a contrast connector instead.
 

🎨 The Core 데다(가) Family

1. Action verb + -는 데다(가)

Use this for a present/general action or ongoing tendency.
 
  • 시간이 오래 걸리다 = to take a long time → 시간이 오래 걸리는 데다가 = it takes a long time, and on top of that…
  • 자주 바뀌다 = to change often → 자주 바뀌는 데다가 = it changes often, and on top of that…
 

2. Descriptive verb/adjective + -(으)ㄴ 데다(가)

Use this for qualities or states.
 
  • 비싸다 → 비싼 데다가 = expensive, and on top of that
  • 복잡하다 → 복잡한 데다가 = complex, and on top of that
  • 안정적이다 → 안정적인 데다가 = stable, and in addition
 

3. Noun + 인 데다(가)

Use this after nouns.
 
  • 전문가인 데다가 = being an expert, and in addition
  • 신제품인 데다가 = being a new product, and on top of that
  • 공식 자료인 데다가 = being official material, and in addition
 

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

1. Negative stacking

  • 절차가 복잡한 데다가 제출해야 할 서류도 많습니다.
      • The procedure is complicated, and on top of that, there are many documents to submit. 📄
      절차 = procedure, 복잡하다 = to be complex, 제출하다 = to submit.
 

2. Positive stacking

  • 이 보고서는 근거가 명확한 데다가 표현도 간결합니다.
      • This report has clear evidence, and in addition, the wording is concise. 🧾
      근거 = basis/evidence, 명확하다 = to be clear, 간결하다 = to be concise.
 

3. Formal argument-building

  • 해당 방안은 비용을 줄이는 데다가 실행 기간도 단축할 수 있습니다.
      • The measure reduces costs, and in addition, it can shorten the implementation period. 📊
      방안 = measure/plan, 비용을 줄이다 = to reduce costs, 단축하다 = to shorten.
 

🧩 General Formation Rule

Use the form that matches the word before 데다(가).
 
  • Action verb, present/general: V-는 데다(가)
      • 증가하다 → 증가하는 데다가 = increasing, and on top of that
  • Action verb, completed/past result: V-(으)ㄴ 데다(가)
      • 이미 지연되다 → 이미 지연된 데다가 = already delayed, and on top of that
  • Descriptive verb/adjective: A-(으)ㄴ 데다(가)
      • 어렵다 → 어려운 데다가 = difficult, and on top of that
  • Noun: N인 데다(가)
      • 전문가 → 전문가인 데다가 = being an expert, and in addition
 
The 가 in 데다가 is often optional. 데다 can sound a little tighter/formal; 데다가 sounds slightly fuller and common in explanation.
 

📚 Cross-check note

The additive meaning of 데다가 and its forms with action verbs, descriptive verbs, and nouns were checked against 국립국어원 / korean.go.kr and Korean learner grammar references. ✅
 

🪞 Synonym Alert

  • -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가) — on top of / in addition to; stacks related facts.
  • -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 — not only…but also; more formal and balanced.
  • -(으)ㄹ 뿐더러 — not only…but also; formal/literary, often used in writing.
  • 게다가 — besides / moreover; sentence adverb, easier and more conversational.
  • 또한 — also; formal and neutral.
  • 반면에 — on the other hand; use for contrast, not stacking.
 

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ 비싼 데다가 품질은 좋다 → ✅ 비싸지만 품질은 좋다 (Use contrast when the second fact goes the opposite direction.)
  • ❌ 복잡하는 데다가 → ✅ 복잡한 데다가 (복잡하다 is descriptive here.)
  • ❌ 전문가 데다가 → ✅ 전문가인 데다가 (Nouns need 인.)
  • ❌ Piling unrelated facts together → ✅ Make both clauses support the same evaluation.
  • ❌ Using it for a simple list with no added emphasis → ✅ Use 그리고 or 또한 if you only need neutral listing.
 
➕ -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가) is your “and another thing!” grammar — polished enough for formal writing, dramatic enough for complaints, and tidy enough for well-built arguments. 🧱✨
 
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the correct 데다(가) form. Check whether the word before the blank is an action verb, descriptive verb, or noun. ➕
1. 비용이 높은 ＿＿＿＿ 유지비도 많이 듭니다.
The cost is high, and on top of that, maintenance expenses are also large. 💸
Answer
데다가 — 높다 → 높은 데다가.
2. 절차가 복잡＿＿＿＿ 처리 시간도 깁니다.
The procedure is complicated, and in addition, the processing time is long. 📄
Answer
한 데다가 — 복잡하다 → 복잡한 데다가.
3. 자료가 부족한 ＿＿＿＿ 출처도 불분명합니다.
The materials are insufficient, and on top of that, the sources are unclear. 🔍
Answer
데다가 — 부족하다 → 부족한 데다가.
4. 일정이 자주 바뀌＿＿＿＿ 공지도 늦습니다.
The schedule changes often, and in addition, notices are late. 🗓️
Answer
는 데다가 — 바뀌다 → 바뀌는 데다가.
5. 그는 전문가＿＿＿＿ 실무 경험도 풍부합니다.
They are an expert, and in addition, have abundant practical experience. 🧑‍💼
Answer
인 데다가 — Noun + 인 데다가.
6. 설명이 친절한 ＿＿＿＿ 예시도 구체적입니다.
The explanation is kind, and in addition, the examples are concrete. 🧾
Answer
데다가 — 친절하다 → 친절한 데다가.
7. 이미 지연된 ＿＿＿＿ 추가 비용까지 발생했습니다.
It was already delayed, and on top of that, additional costs occurred. ⏳
Answer
데다가 — Completed state: 지연된 데다가.
8. 제품이 가벼운 ＿＿＿＿ 내구성도 좋습니다.
The product is light, and in addition, durability is good. 🎒
Answer
데다가 — Positive + positive stacking.
9. 문제가 반복되＿＿＿＿ 원인도 명확하지 않습니다.
The problem keeps recurring, and on top of that, the cause is not clear. 🔁
Answer
는 데다가 — 반복되다 → 반복되는 데다가.
10. 공식 자료＿＿＿＿ 최신 정보도 포함되어 있습니다.
It is official material, and in addition, it includes the latest information. 📚
Answer
인 데다가 — 공식 자료 is a noun phrase.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 비용 → cost
  • 유지비 → maintenance expense
  • 절차 → procedure
  • 처리 시간 → processing time
  • 자료 → materials/data
  • 출처 → source
  • 일정 → schedule
  • 바뀌다 → to change
  • 전문가 → expert
  • 실무 경험 → practical work experience
  • 구체적 → concrete/specific
  • 지연되다 → to be delayed
  • 내구성 → durability
  • 반복되다 → to recur/repeat
  • 공식 자료 → official material
Tip 💡 Same direction matters: good + good, bad + bad, burden + burden.
🚀
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below helps you stack facts without making your sentences wobble. 🧱
 
📦
🎯 Practice Hub — In Addition To: -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가)
 
Welcome to the fact-stacking workshop. ➕ This Practice Hub trains you to add a second related point with precision, whether you are writing a formal review, explaining a policy problem, praising a proposal, or making a carefully layered argument. The goal is not just “and,” but “and this extra fact strengthens the same judgment.”
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a completed sentence aloud.
 
📝 Instructions: Complete each prompt, check whether the added fact points in the same direction, and then open the Answer toggle. Watch the form before 데다가: action, descriptive, completed, or noun.
 

Exercise 1 — Form Builder 🧱

A. 비싸다 → 이 장비는 ＿＿＿＿ 관리도 어렵습니다.
This equipment is expensive, and on top of that, management is difficult. 🖥️
Answer
비싼 데다가 — Descriptive verb: 비싸다 → 비싼 데다가.
B. 복잡하다 → 계약 구조가 ＿＿＿＿ 위험 요소도 많습니다.
The contract structure is complex, and in addition, there are many risk factors. 📑
Answer
복잡한 데다가 — Negative + negative stacking.
C. 늘어나다 → 문의가 계속 ＿＿＿＿ 처리 인력도 부족합니다.
Inquiries keep increasing, and on top of that, processing staff is insufficient. 📞
Answer
늘어나는 데다가 — Action verb/general trend: 늘어나다 → 늘어나는 데다가.
D. 지연되다 → 배송이 이미 ＿＿＿＿ 안내도 충분하지 않았습니다.
Delivery was already delayed, and on top of that, guidance was insufficient. 📦
Answer
지연된 데다가 — Completed state: 지연된.
E. 안정적이다 → 수익 구조가 ＿＿＿＿ 성장 가능성도 높습니다.
The profit structure is stable, and in addition, growth potential is high. 📈
Answer
안정적인 데다가 — 이다-type descriptive form: 안정적인.
F. 신제품 → ＿＿＿＿ 가격 경쟁력도 있습니다.
It is a new product, and in addition, it has price competitiveness. 🆕
Answer
신제품인 데다가 — Noun + 인 데다가.
G. 줄어들다 → 수요가 ＿＿＿＿ 재고도 남아 있습니다.
Demand is decreasing, and on top of that, inventory remains. 📉
Answer
줄어드는 데다가 — Current trend: 줄어드는.
H. 정확하다 → 번역이 ＿＿＿＿ 문체도 자연스럽습니다.
The translation is accurate, and in addition, the style is natural. 🌐
Answer
정확한 데다가 — Positive + positive stacking.
I. 전문 기관 → ＿＿＿＿ 분석 경험도 풍부합니다.
It is a specialized institution, and in addition, it has abundant analysis experience. 🏛️
Answer
전문 기관인 데다가 — Noun phrase + 인 데다가.
J. 취소되다 → 행사가 갑자기 ＿＿＿＿ 환불 절차도 늦어졌습니다.
The event was suddenly canceled, and on top of that, the refund process was delayed. 🎫
Answer
취소된 데다가 — Completed passive state + additional negative fact.
🧱
Vocabulary Box
  • 장비 → equipment
  • 관리 → management
  • 계약 구조 → contract structure
  • 위험 요소 → risk factor
  • 문의 → inquiry
  • 처리 인력 → processing staff
  • 배송 → delivery
  • 안내 → guidance/notice
  • 수익 구조 → profit structure
  • 성장 가능성 → growth potential
  • 가격 경쟁력 → price competitiveness
  • 수요 → demand
  • 재고 → inventory
  • 번역 → translation
  • 문체 → writing style
  • 전문 기관 → specialized institution
  • 환불 절차 → refund process
Tip 💡 Form check: 비싼, 늘어나는, 지연된, 신제품인.
 

Exercise 2 — Positive Stacking 🌟

A. 이 앱은 화면 구성이 단순한 ＿＿＿＿ 반응 속도도 빠릅니다.
This app has a simple screen layout, and in addition, response speed is fast. 📱
Answer
데다가 — Two positive usability points stack naturally.
B. 그 후보자는 경력이 풍부한 ＿＿＿＿ 위기 대응 능력도 뛰어납니다.
The candidate has abundant experience, and in addition, crisis-response ability is excellent. 🧑‍💼
Answer
데다가 — Positive evaluation is strengthened.
C. 이 자료는 공식 문서인 ＿＿＿＿ 통계도 최신입니다.
This material is an official document, and in addition, the statistics are current. 📚
Answer
데다가 — 공식 문서인 데다가.
D. 새 기준은 적용하기 쉬운 ＿＿＿＿ 평가 방식도 명확합니다.
The new standard is easy to apply, and in addition, the evaluation method is clear. ✅
Answer
데다가 — Ease + clarity.
E. 그 지역은 교통이 편리한 ＿＿＿＿ 생활비도 비교적 낮습니다.
The area has convenient transportation, and in addition, living costs are relatively low. 🚇
Answer
데다가 — Two advantages of a place.
F. 이 연구는 표본이 큰 ＿＿＿＿ 분석 방법도 체계적입니다.
This study has a large sample, and in addition, the analysis method is systematic. 🔬
Answer
데다가 — Stronger research credibility.
G. 제품 설명이 자세한 ＿＿＿＿ 비교표도 제공됩니다.
The product explanation is detailed, and in addition, a comparison table is provided. 🧾
Answer
데다가 — Added helpful feature.
H. 새 정책은 목표가 분명한 ＿＿＿＿ 실행 계획도 구체적입니다.
The new policy has a clear goal, and in addition, the implementation plan is concrete. 🎯
Answer
데다가 — Positive policy evaluation.
I. 이 강의는 설명이 쉬운 ＿＿＿＿ 사례도 현실적입니다.
This lecture has easy explanations, and in addition, the examples are realistic. 🎓
Answer
데다가 — Teaching strengths stack.
J. 그 제안은 비용을 줄이는 ＿＿＿＿ 절차도 간소화합니다.
The proposal reduces costs, and in addition, simplifies procedures. ✂️
Answer
데다가 — Action verb: 줄이는 데다가.
🌟
Vocabulary Box
  • 화면 구성 → screen layout
  • 반응 속도 → response speed
  • 후보자 → candidate
  • 위기 대응 능력 → crisis-response ability
  • 공식 문서 → official document
  • 최신 → latest/current
  • 기준 → standard
  • 평가 방식 → evaluation method
  • 교통 → transportation
  • 생활비 → living cost
  • 표본 → sample
  • 체계적 → systematic
  • 비교표 → comparison table
  • 실행 계획 → implementation plan
  • 사례 → example/case
  • 간소화하다 → to simplify
Tip 💡 Positive stacking makes praise more persuasive: useful + clear + efficient.
 

Exercise 3 — Negative Stacking ⚠️

A. 가격이 오른 ＿＿＿＿ 공급도 불안정합니다.
The price has risen, and on top of that, supply is unstable. 📈
Answer
데다가 — Completed negative change + additional problem.
B. 규정이 모호한 ＿＿＿＿ 해석 기준도 자주 바뀝니다.
The regulation is vague, and on top of that, interpretation standards change often. 📜
Answer
데다가 — Ambiguity + instability.
C. 장소가 좁은 ＿＿＿＿ 환기 시설도 부족합니다.
The place is cramped, and on top of that, ventilation facilities are insufficient. 🪟
Answer
데다가 — Two facility problems.
D. 자료가 오래된 ＿＿＿＿ 출처도 확인되지 않았습니다.
The materials are old, and on top of that, the sources have not been verified. 📚
Answer
데다가 — Trust problem stacks.
E. 신청 절차가 까다로운 ＿＿＿＿ 결과 통보도 늦습니다.
The application procedure is demanding, and on top of that, result notifications are late. 📨
Answer
데다가 — Administrative burden + delay.
F. 광고가 과장된 ＿＿＿＿ 실제 기능도 제한적입니다.
The advertisement is exaggerated, and on top of that, actual functions are limited. 📢
Answer
데다가 — Negative product evaluation.
G. 문제가 반복되는 ＿＿＿＿ 책임 소재도 불분명합니다.
The problem keeps recurring, and on top of that, responsibility is unclear. 🔁
Answer
데다가 — Ongoing issue + accountability issue.
H. 계획이 자주 수정되는 ＿＿＿＿ 공유도 제대로 되지 않습니다.
The plan is often revised, and on top of that, sharing is not done properly. 🗂️
Answer
데다가 — Process instability + communication problem.
I. 계약 기간이 짧은 ＿＿＿＿ 위약금도 높습니다.
The contract period is short, and on top of that, the penalty is high. 📑
Answer
데다가 — Two unfavorable terms.
J. 초기 비용이 큰 ＿＿＿＿ 효과도 바로 나타나지 않습니다.
The initial cost is large, and on top of that, the effect does not appear immediately. 💸
Answer
데다가 — Cost + delayed benefit.
⚠️
Vocabulary Box
  • 공급 → supply
  • 불안정하다 → to be unstable
  • 모호하다 → to be vague
  • 해석 기준 → interpretation standard
  • 환기 시설 → ventilation facility
  • 확인되다 → to be verified/confirmed
  • 까다롭다 → to be demanding/strict
  • 통보 → notification
  • 과장되다 → to be exaggerated
  • 제한적 → limited
  • 책임 소재 → where responsibility lies
  • 공유 → sharing
  • 계약 기간 → contract period
  • 위약금 → penalty fee
  • 초기 비용 → initial cost
Tip 💡 Negative stacking is common in complaints, risk analysis, and formal criticism.
 

Exercise 4 — Choose the Best Connector 🔍

A. 가격은 비싼 ＿＿＿＿ 품질은 좋습니다.
The price is expensive, but the quality is good. 🏷️
Answer
지만 — This is contrast, not same-direction stacking.
B. 가격이 비싼 ＿＿＿＿ 배송도 느립니다.
The price is expensive, and on top of that, delivery is slow. 🐢
Answer
데다가 — Two complaints stack.
C. 그는 전문가인 ＿＿＿＿ 설명도 명확합니다.
They are an expert, and in addition, the explanation is clear. 🧑‍🏫
Answer
데다가 — Noun + positive addition.
D. 그는 전문가＿＿＿＿ 실무 경험은 부족합니다.
They are an expert, but practical experience is lacking. 💼
Answer
이지만 — Expertise and lack of experience contrast.
E. 근거가 충분한 ＿＿＿＿ 표현도 설득력 있습니다.
The evidence is sufficient, and in addition, the wording is persuasive. 🧾
Answer
데다가 — Two strengths.
F. 근거는 충분＿＿＿＿ 결론은 성급합니다.
The evidence is sufficient, but the conclusion is hasty. ⚖️
Answer
하지만 — Opposite evaluation.
G. 비가 오는 ＿＿＿＿ 바람도 강합니다.
It is raining, and on top of that, the wind is strong. 🌧️
Answer
데다가 — Weather problems stack.
H. 비가 오＿＿＿＿ 행사는 예정대로 진행됩니다.
It is raining, but the event will proceed as scheduled. 🎪
Answer
지만 — Contrast with expectation.
I. 서비스가 빠른 ＿＿＿＿ 직원들도 친절합니다.
The service is fast, and in addition, the staff are kind. 😊
Answer
데다가 — Two positive service points.
J. 서비스는 빠르＿＿＿＿ 설명은 부족합니다.
The service is fast, but the explanation is insufficient. 🧾
Answer
지만 — Mixed evaluation needs contrast.
🔍
Vocabulary Box
  • 가격 → price
  • 품질 → quality
  • 배송 → delivery
  • 느리다 → to be slow
  • 실무 경험 → practical work experience
  • 부족하다 → to be insufficient
  • 근거 → basis/evidence
  • 설득력 있다 → to be persuasive
  • 성급하다 → to be hasty
  • 예정대로 → as scheduled
  • 진행되다 → to proceed
  • 서비스 → service
  • 직원 → staff
Tip 💡 데다가 stacks; 지만 contrasts. Don’t make them do each other’s jobs.
 

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. ❌ 복잡하는 데다가 → ✅ ＿＿＿＿
Complex, and on top of that… 🧩
Answer
복잡한 데다가 — 복잡하다 is descriptive here.
B. ❌ 전문가 데다가 → ✅ ＿＿＿＿
Being an expert, and in addition… 🧑‍💼
Answer
전문가인 데다가 — Noun + 인 데다가.
C. 이 제도는 기준이 불명확한 ＿＿＿＿ 적용 사례도 적습니다.
This system has unclear standards, and on top of that, there are few application cases. 📜
Answer
데다가 — Two weaknesses stack.
D. ❌ 저렴한 데다가 성능은 나쁘다 → ✅ contrast: 저렴＿＿＿＿ 성능은 나쁘다.
It is inexpensive, but performance is bad. 💻
Answer
하지만 — Positive + negative needs contrast.
E. 새 모델은 조용한 ＿＿＿＿ 전력 소비도 적습니다.
The new model is quiet, and in addition, power consumption is low. 🔌
Answer
데다가 — Two product strengths.
F. 이미 예산이 줄어든 ＿＿＿＿ 일정도 앞당겨졌습니다.
The budget has already been reduced, and on top of that, the schedule has been moved up. 📆
Answer
데다가 — Completed negative state + added pressure.
G. 이 문장은 길＿＿＿＿ 구조도 복잡합니다.
This sentence is long, and on top of that, the structure is complex. 📝
Answer
긴 데다가 — 길다 → 긴 데다가.
H. ❌ 회의인 데다가 길었다 → ✅ natural: 회의가 ＿＿＿＿ 내용도 많았다.
The meeting was long, and in addition, there was a lot of content. 🗒️
Answer
긴 데다가 — Don’t use noun form if the point is the meeting’s quality.
I. 그 방안은 현실적인 ＿＿＿＿ 반대도 적습니다.
The measure is realistic, and in addition, opposition is low. ✅
Answer
데다가 — Two reasons to support it.
J. 보고서가 늦게 제출된 ＿＿＿＿ 핵심 자료도 빠져 있습니다.
The report was submitted late, and on top of that, key materials are missing. 📂
Answer
데다가 — Completed problem + additional problem.
🛡️
Vocabulary Box
  • 제도 → system/policy
  • 불명확하다 → to be unclear
  • 적용 사례 → application case
  • 저렴하다 → to be inexpensive
  • 성능 → performance
  • 모델 → model
  • 전력 소비 → power consumption
  • 예산 → budget
  • 앞당겨지다 → to be moved earlier
  • 문장 → sentence
  • 구조 → structure
  • 현실적 → realistic
  • 반대 → opposition
  • 제출되다 → to be submitted
  • 핵심 자료 → key material
Tip 💡 Pitfall patrol: noun needs 인, descriptive verbs need -(으)ㄴ, and mixed evaluations need contrast.
 
🎉 You stacked every fact without toppling the tower. Now -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가) can help your Korean sound more persuasive, organized, and satisfyingly layered. ➕🧱