TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ง Evidence-based sentence building means every claim needs a visible support chain: evidence โ interpretation โ conclusion.
- ๐ Advanced Korean logic uses connectors like -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด (according to), -์/๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก (based on), ๋ฐ๋ผ์ (therefore), and ๋ฐ๋ฉด (whereas).
- โ๏ธ Strong sentences avoid โlogic jumps.โ They show why the conclusion follows from the evidence instead of making the reader guess the missing bridge.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear sentences like ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ง์กฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค, and ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋์ฑ
์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค. Listen for how formal connectors create a steady argument rhythm. ๐ง
Advanced synthesis note
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Previous lessons covered individual evidence patterns such as -์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ, -(์ผ)ใด/๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์, and -(์ผ)ใด/๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด. This lesson is not a duplicate: it drills how to combine evidence, interpretation, contrast, limitation, and conclusion into complete advanced sentences. ๐งฉ
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๐ The Big Picture
In advanced Korean writing and speaking, a sentence often needs to do more than state an opinion. It needs to show the path from evidence to conclusion. A strong logic sentence answers three questions: What is the evidence? What does it suggest? What conclusion follows? ๐
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Weak logic sounds like this:
- ๋ง์กฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ Satisfaction is low. So there is a problem.
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Better advanced logic adds a clear bridge:
- ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ง์กฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์๋น์ค ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ According to the survey results, satisfaction appears to have decreased. Therefore, there is a need to improve the service procedure. ๐
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The second version tells the reader where the claim comes from and why the conclusion makes sense. It is not just grammar; it is reasoning with receipts. ๐งพ
๐จ The Core Evidence-Based Logic Family
1. Source of evidence: -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๐
Use -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด when naming the source of information.
- ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ according to the survey results
- ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ according to the report
- ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ according to the data/materials
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Example:
- ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ด ๋์์ก๋ค. โ According to the report, the participation rate among young people increased. ๐
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต = young adult group; ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ = participation rate; ๋์์ง๋ค = to become higher.
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2. Evidence basis: -์/๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก / -์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๐งพ
Use these to show the basis for a judgment.
- ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก โ based on statistical data
- ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ โ based on observation results
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Example:
- ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ ์ฑ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. โ The policyโs effect was evaluated based on statistical data. ๐
- ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ = statistical data; ์ ์ฑ = policy; ํ๊ฐํ๋ค = to evaluate.
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3. Interpretation: -(์ผ)ใด/๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ๐
Use this when one observed fact leads to an inference.
- ์๋ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ โ judging from the low response rate
- ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ โ judging from the increase in inquiries
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Example:
- ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์๋ด๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์์๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค. โ Judging from the increase in inquiries, the guidance seems not to have been sufficient. ๐
- ๋ฌธ์ = inquiry; ๋์ด๋๋ค = to increase; ์๋ด = guidance.
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4. Logical result: ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก โก๏ธ
Use these when a conclusion follows from evidence.
- ๋ฐ๋ผ์ โ therefore; neutral and common in formal writing
- ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก โ therefore; slightly heavier/logical
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก โ as a result
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Example:
- ์ด์ฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๊พธ์คํ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์์ ์กฐ์ ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ Usage steadily decreased. Therefore, there is a need to adjust the promotion method. ๐
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5. Contrast and limitation: ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ๋ค๋ง โ๏ธ
Use contrast markers to prevent overclaiming.
- ๋ฐ๋ฉด โ whereas / on the other hand
- ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ โ however
- ๋ค๋ง โ however / with the limitation that
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Example:
- ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ ๋์์ก๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค. โ Participation rose. In contrast, satisfaction fell. โ๏ธ
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ต์์ ๋ง์กฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์๋น์ค ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
According to the survey results, respondentsโ satisfaction appeared to have decreased. Therefore, there is a need to improve the service procedure. ๐ ๏ธ
- ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ ์์นํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์จ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค.
While the participation rate rose, the revisit rate decreased. ๐
- ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์๋ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ชจํธํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
Based on the fact that inquiries are repeated, the guidance wording can be seen as ambiguous. ๐
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Source frame
- N์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด + claim
- ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. โ According to the data, costs increased.
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Basis frame
- N์/๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก + judgment
- ์๋ต ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์์ธ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. โ The cause was analyzed based on response data.
- N์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ + formal judgment
- ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค. โ A conclusion was drawn based on observation results.
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Inference frame
- V/A-(์ผ)ใด/๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ + inference
- ๋ถ๋ง์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. โ Judging from the increase in complaints, improvement is needed.
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Evidence fact frame
- V/A-(์ผ)ใด/๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด + claim
- ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์๋ด๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋ค. โ Based on the fact that inquiries are numerous, it was judged that guidance was insufficient.
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Conclusion frame
- ๋ฐ๋ผ์ / ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก / ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก + conclusion
- ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. โ Therefore, additional investigation is necessary.
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๐จ Exception Rule(s)
- Do not use ๋ฐ๋ผ์ if the previous sentence does not actually support the conclusion.
- Do not overstate with ํ์คํ๋ค when the evidence only suggests a possibility.
- Use contrast markers when evidence is mixed: ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ ๋์์ก์ผ๋ ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค.
- If the evidence is a single weak sign, use cautious language such as ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค, -๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค, or -๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋ค.
Logic chain note
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A strong advanced sentence often follows this order:
- ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ source
- -๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค โ observed result
- ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก โ basis
- ๋ฐ๋ผ์ โ conclusion
๐ Cross-check note
The connectors and logic patterns in this lesson were checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr, including guidance that -(์ผ)๋๊น can mark cause, grounds, or premise, and that Korean connective endings and adverbs structure semantic relationships between clauses. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ according to; source of information.
- -์/๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก โ based on; evidence basis.
- -์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ โ based on; more formal/written.
- -(์ผ)ใด/๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ โ judging from; inference from evidence.
- -(์ผ)ใด/๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด โ citing the fact that; formal basis.
- ๋ฐ๋ผ์ โ therefore; neutral formal conclusion.
- ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก โ therefore; logical/heavier.
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก โ as a result; outcome-focused.
- ๋ฐ๋ฉด โ whereas; contrast.
- ๋ค๋ง โ however / with the limitation that.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ Evidence: โSome users complained.โ โ Conclusion: โThe whole system failed.โ โ โ Use cautious scope: ์ผ๋ถ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
- โ Using ๋ฐ๋ผ์ after an unrelated sentence โ โ the previous sentence must support the result.
- โ Ignoring mixed evidence โ โ use ๋ฐ๋ฉด or ๋ค๋ง.
- โ Saying ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋๋ฌธ์ โ โ choose one structure: ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก or ๋๋ฌธ์.
- โ Making the conclusion stronger than the evidence โ โ use cautious language when appropriate.
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๐ง Bottom line: advanced logic is not louder Korean. It is better-supported Korean. Give the reader evidence, show the bridge, then land the conclusion like a tiny grammar airplane. โ๏ธ
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Try this exercise
Instructions
Complete each logic sentence with the best connector or evidence-based form. Check whether the blank needs a source, basis, contrast, or conclusion.
1. ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ง์กฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค.
According to the survey results, satisfaction decreased. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ source of information.
2. ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค.
The policy effect was evaluated based on statistical data. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก โ evidence basis.
3. ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ด๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค.
Judging from the increase in inquiries, the guidance seems to have been insufficient. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ โ inference from evidence.
4. ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ ๋์์ก๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค.
Participation rose. In contrast, satisfaction fell. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฉด โ contrast.
5. ๋น์ฉ์ด ๊ณ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฐ ์กฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Costs continued to increase. Therefore, budget adjustment is necessary. ๐ฐ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์ โ logical conclusion.
6. ๋ถ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
Based on the fact that complaints were repeated, procedure improvement was proposed. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ -๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด.
7. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋จ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
The data is insufficient. Therefore, it is difficult to state the conclusion definitively. ๐งช
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
8. ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค.
A conclusion was drawn based on observation results. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ โ formal written basis.
9. ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์์ง ํ์ธ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
Performance improved. However, the long-term effect has not yet been confirmed. โณ
Answer
๋ค๋ง โ limitation.
10. ์๋ต์ด ํน์ ์ง๋จ์ ์ง์ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
Because responses were concentrated in a specific group, it is difficult to generalize the results. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋งํผ โ here it means โgiven that / to the extent that.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ survey results
- ๋ง์กฑ๋ โ satisfaction level
- ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ โ statistical data
- ์ ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ โ policy effect
- ๋ฌธ์ โ inquiry
- ์๋ด โ guidance
- ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ โ participation rate
- ๋น์ฉ โ cost
- ์์ฐ ์กฐ์ โ budget adjustment
- ๋ถ๋ง โ complaint
- ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ โ procedure improvement
- ๋จ์ ํ๋ค โ to state definitively
- ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ observation results
- ์ฑ๊ณผ โ performance/result
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ โ long-term effect
- ์ผ๋ฐํํ๋ค โ to generalize
Tip ๐ก Source, evidence, inference, contrast, and conclusion each need different connectors.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns evidence chains into polished advanced sentences. ๐ง
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Logic Drill: Evidence-based Sentence Building
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Welcome to the evidence gym. ๐ง This Practice Hub trains you to build Korean sentences that move cleanly from data to interpretation to conclusion. No dramatic logic leaps, no โtrust me broโ conclusions โ just tidy reasoning with excellent posture. ๐งพ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear the completed sentences aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best connector or logic expression. After answering, explain to yourself whether it marks source, evidence, contrast, limitation, or conclusion.
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Exercise 1 โ Source and Evidence Frames ๐
A. ๋ณด๊ณ ์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒญ๋
์ธต์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ด ์์นํ๋ค. โ According to the report, participation among young people rose. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด.
B. ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐ์์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. โ According to the experiment results, a new reaction was observed. ๐งช
Answer
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด.
C. ๋ฉด๋ด ๋ด์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. โ The main causes were organized based on interview content. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก.
D. ํ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. โ The time of the problemโs occurrence was estimated based on field records. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ.
E. ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋น์ฉ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ก๋ค. โ According to the data analysis results, the cost burden increased. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด.
F. ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐฉ์์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค. โ The training method was adjusted based on participant opinions. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก.
G. ๊ฒํ ์๋ฃ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ค. โ Risk factors were classified based on review materials. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ.
H. ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด์ฉ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. โ According to the survey results, usage time decreased. โฑ๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด.
I. ํ๋ก๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํด์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ธ์ ๋ค. โ Interpretation criteria were established based on precedents. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก.
J. ๊ด์ฐฐ ์๋ฃ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. โ Behavioral changes were explained based on observation data. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณด๊ณ ์ โ report
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต โ young adult group
- ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ experiment results
- ๋ฉด๋ด ๋ด์ฉ โ interview content
- ํ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ก โ field records
- ๋น์ฉ ๋ถ๋ด โ cost burden
- ๊ต์ก ๋ฐฉ์ โ training method
- ์ํ ์์ โ risk factor
- ํ๋ก โ precedent
- ํ๋ ๋ณํ โ behavioral change
Tip ๐ก -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด names a source; -์/๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก names a basis.
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Exercise 2 โ Inference from Evidence ๐
A. ๋ถ๋ง์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋น์ค ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. โ Judging from increased complaints, service improvement is necessary. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์.
B. ์๋ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ณธ์ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ Judging from the low response rate, the sample has limitations. ๐
Answer
๋ณด์.
C. ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ชจํธํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋ค. โ Based on repeated inquiries, the wording was judged ambiguous. ๐
Answer
์ ์.
D. ์ ์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด ์์คํ
์ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. โ Citing frequent connection errors, system inspection was proposed. ๐ป
Answer
์ ์.
E. ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ด ๊พธ์คํ ์์นํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ณด ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. โ Judging from the steady rise in participation, the promotion can be viewed as effective. ๐ฃ
Answer
๋ณด์.
F. ์ฌ๊ตฌ๋งค์จ์ด ๋ฎ๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์ ๋ต์ ์ฌ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค. โ Based on the low repurchase rate, the pricing strategy was reviewed. ๐
Answer
์ ์.
G. ๋ต๋ณ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์
๋ฌด ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง ๋ฏํ๋ค. โ Judging from longer response times, workload seems to have increased. โณ
Answer
๋ณด์.
H. ์ค๋ต ์ ํ์ด ๋น์ทํ๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋
์ค๋ช
์ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค. โ Based on similar wrong-answer types, the concept explanation was supplemented. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ ์.
I. ์ทจ์ ์์ฒญ์ด ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ผ์ ์๋ด๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. โ Judging from increased cancellation requests, guidance about the schedule may have been insufficient. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์.
J. ํํ์ด ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค. โ Citing repeated expressions, the sentence structure was revised. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ๋ณธ โ sample
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ โ wording
- ์ ์ ์ค๋ฅ โ connection error
- ์ฌ๊ตฌ๋งค์จ โ repurchase rate
- ์ ๋ฌด ๋ถ๋ด โ workload
- ์ค๋ต ์ ํ โ wrong-answer type
- ๋ณด์ํ๋ค โ to supplement
- ์ทจ์ ์์ฒญ โ cancellation request
- ๋ฌธ์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ sentence structure
Tip ๐ก ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ infers; ์ ์ ๋ค์ด cites a fact as grounds.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Conclusion Connectors โก๏ธ
A. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ถ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. โ The data is insufficient. Therefore, additional investigation is necessary. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
B. ๋น์ฉ์ด ์์๋ณด๋ค ๋๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฐ์ ์กฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ Costs are higher than expected. Therefore, the budget must be adjusted. ๐ฐ
Answer
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก or ๋ฐ๋ผ์.
C. ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ด ๋ฎ์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. โ Participation was low. Therefore, the promotion method needs change. ๐ฃ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
D. ์คํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. โ The experiment conditions differed. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the results directly. ๐งช
Answer
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก or ๋ฐ๋ผ์.
E. ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ธ ๋ถ์์ด ์ฐ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ Errors repeated. Therefore, cause analysis should be prioritized. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
F. ์์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฐ ๊ณํ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค. โ Demand decreased. As a result, the production plan was adjusted. ๐ญ
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก.
G. ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ช
ํํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ผ๊ด๋์ง ์์๋ค. โ The criteria were not clear. As a result, the evaluation was inconsistent. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก.
H. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จ์ ์ ์ธ ํํ์ ํผํด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ The evidence is insufficient. Therefore, definitive wording should be avoided. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
I. ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ณต์กํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ค๊ฐ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. โ The procedure is complicated. Therefore, users may give up midway. ๐ง
Answer
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก or ๋ฐ๋ผ์.
J. ํผ๋๋ฐฑ์ด ๋ฐ์๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฑ๋๊ฐ ๋์์ก๋ค. โ Feedback was reflected. As a result, completeness improved. โ
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ถ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ โ additional investigation
- ์์๋ณด๋ค โ more than expected
- ์คํ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ experiment condition
- ์์ธ ๋ถ์ โ cause analysis
- ์์ โ demand
- ์์ฐ ๊ณํ โ production plan
- ์ผ๊ด๋๋ค โ to be consistent
- ๋จ์ ์ โ definitive/assertive
- ํฌ๊ธฐํ๋ค โ to give up
- ์์ฑ๋ โ degree of completeness
Tip ๐ก ๋ฐ๋ผ์ and ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก draw conclusions; ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก emphasizes outcome.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Contrast and Limitation โ๏ธ
A. ๋งค์ถ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์ต์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. โ Sales increased. In contrast, net profit decreased. ๐น
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฉด.
B. ์๋ต ์๋ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํน์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ง์ค๋์ด ์๋ค. โ The number of responses is sufficient. However, they are concentrated in a specific region. ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
๋ค๋ง.
C. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ํ๋นํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์คํ ๋ฐฉ์์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ The policy goal is valid. However, the implementation method has problems. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋.
D. ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋์ด ์ง์ญ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค. โ Urban areas improved. In contrast, rural areas changed little. ๐พ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฉด.
E. ๋จ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋ถํ์คํ๋ค. โ The short-term effect was confirmed. However, the long-term effect is uncertain. โณ
Answer
๋ค๋ง or ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋.
F. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๊ท ์ด์ฉ ์๊ฐ์ ์ค์๋ค. โ Users increased. In contrast, average usage time decreased. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฉด.
G. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ ์๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. โ The conclusion is persuasive. However, the evidence presentation is insufficient. ๐งพ
Answer
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋.
H. ์๋ฃ๋ ์ต์ ์ด๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ณธ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ The data is recent. However, the sample size is small. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋ค๋ง.
I. ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ง ํ๊ฐ๋ ๋๋น ์ก๋ค. โ The price decreased. In contrast, quality evaluations worsened. ๐ท๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฉด.
J. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ช
ํํ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ธ ์ํฉ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ง ์์๋ค. โ The claim is clear. However, it did not address exceptional situations. ๐งฉ
Answer
๋ค๋ง or ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋งค์ถ โ sales
- ์์ด์ต โ net profit
- ํน์ ์ง์ญ โ specific region
- ํ๋นํ๋ค โ to be valid
- ์คํ ๋ฐฉ์ โ implementation method
- ๋์ ์ง์ญ โ urban area
- ๋์ด ์ง์ญ โ rural area
- ๋ถํ์คํ๋ค โ to be uncertain
- ํ๊ท ์ด์ฉ ์๊ฐ โ average usage time
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ โ persuasiveness
- ํ๋ณธ ๊ท๋ชจ โ sample size
- ์์ธ ์ํฉ โ exceptional situation
Tip ๐ก ๋ฐ๋ฉด compares two sides; ๋ค๋ง adds a limitation.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. โ โ
์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
The data is insufficient. Therefore, it is difficult to state the conclusion definitively. ๐งช
Answer
๋จ์ ํ๊ธฐ โ make the conclusion match the evidence.
B. โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋๋ฌธ์ โ โ
์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
It was analyzed based on the data. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก.
C. ์ผ๋ถ ์๋ต๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
It is difficult to generalize the whole based only on some responses. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ผ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ.
D. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ ํํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ ํ๋ค.
Since the evidence is weak, it is appropriate to say there is a possibility. ๐ชถ
Answer
์๋ค.
E. ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ฒํ ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Different results appeared. Therefore, additional review is necessary. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
F. ํจ๊ณผ๋ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋น์ฉ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋จ์ ์๋ค.
The effect was confirmed. However, the cost issue remains. ๐ฐ
Answer
๋ค๋ง.
G. ๋น๊ต ๋์์ด ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง์ ๋น๊ต๋ฅผ ํผํ๋ค.
Citing the fact that comparison targets differ, direct comparison was avoided. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ค์ด.
H. ์๋ต ์๊ฐ์ด ์งง์์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค.
Judging from shorter response time, the procedure seems to have been simplified. โฑ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์.
I. ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
A conclusion was drawn based on observation results. ๐
Answer
๋์ถํ๋ค.
J. ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋ค.
If the previous sentence does not support the conclusion, you should not use โtherefore.โ ๐ซ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ์.
Final Check
- ๋จ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค โ difficult to state definitively
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก โ based on
- ์ผ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค โ difficult to generalize
- ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค โ there is a possibility
- ๋ฐ๋ผ์ โ therefore
- ๋ค๋ง โ however / limitation
- ์ ์ ๋ค์ด โ citing the fact that
- ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ โ judging from
- ๋์ถํ๋ค โ to draw/derive
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค โ to support
Tip ๐ก Strong logic is honest about evidence strength. Weak evidence needs cautious wording.
ย
๐ You finished the evidence-based logic drill. You can now build advanced Korean sentences that cite sources, interpret evidence, add contrast, limit claims, and land conclusions without making the reader do detective work. ๐ง โจ