TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ means macro-level demographic trends โ large population patterns such as aging, low birth rates, household change, migration, and regional imbalance.
- ๐ Strong analysis connects ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ (data analysis) โ ์์ธ ํ์ (identifying causes) โ ์ํฅ ์ ๋ง (projecting effects) โ ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋์ (policy response).
- ๐งญ Advanced Korean sounds more academic when you use cautious verbs like ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค, ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค, ์ฌํ๋๋ค, ์ ๋ง๋๋ค, ์์๋๋ค, and ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ For long demographic phrases like ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ (decline in the working-age population), open Korean Helper Widgets and type any Korean word or sentence into the widget to hear it read aloud. Academic nouns are friendlier when they stop marching silently across the page. ๐ฅ
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๐ The Big Picture
์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ means demographic statistics, but demographic analysis is not just counting people with a very serious calculator. ๐งฎ At the advanced level, you use population data to explain broad social changes: aging, low birth rates, household size, labor supply, migration, regional decline, urban concentration, and future welfare needs.
๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ means macro-level trend. ๊ฑฐ์์ means โlarge-scale / macro-level,โ and ์ถ์ธ means โtrend.โ So instead of saying only ์ฌ๋์ด ์ค๊ณ ์์ด์ (โpeople are decreasingโ), an advanced sentence says ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ถ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์๋๊ณ ์์ด์ (โthe trend of population decline is continuing long-termโ). ๐
The main skill is to move from fact to analysis:
- ํ์ โ What is changing? (phenomenon)
- ์์ธ โ Why is it changing? (cause)
- ์ํฅ โ What does it affect? (impact)
- ์ ๋ง โ What is expected? (projection)
- ๋์ โ What should be done? (response)
๐จ The Core Demographic Analysis Family
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ โ demographic statistics. Use with ๋ถ์ํ๋ค (to analyze), ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ค (to show), or -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด (according to). ๐
- ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ โ macro-level trend. Use for broad, long-term patterns rather than one small event. ๐
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ population structure. This refers to how a population is composed by age, region, household type, labor force, and other categories. ๐งฉ
- ์ ์ถ์ฐ โ low birth rate / low fertility phenomenon. Often appears with ๊ณ ๋ นํ. ๐ถ
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ โ population aging. Use ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค (aging intensifies) or ๊ณ ๋ นํ ์๋๊ฐ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง๋ค (the speed of aging increases). ๐ต
- ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ โ working-age population. This is the population that can generally participate in the labor market. ๐ญ
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ด๋ โ population movement / migration. This includes people moving between regions, especially toward large cities. ๐
- ์๋๊ถ ์ง์ค โ concentration in the Seoul metropolitan area. A key phrase in Korean regional demographic discussion. ๐๏ธ
- ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ regional imbalance. Use when population, jobs, services, or infrastructure are unevenly distributed across regions. โ๏ธ
- ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ธก / ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ๋ง โ future projection / population outlook. Use when describing what is expected based on current data. ๐ฎ
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋์ โ policy response. The action taken by government or institutions in response to population change. ๐งญ
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ๋น์จ์ด ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ด์.
โAccording to demographic statistics, the proportion of the elderly population is steadily increasing.โ ๐ต
-์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด = according to, ๋น์จ = proportion, ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก = continuously.
- ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์์ด์.
โA decline in the birth rate may lead to a long-term decrease in the working-age population.โ ๐ญ
์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ = decline in fertility/birth rate, -์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค = to lead to.
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต์ ์๋๊ถ ์ง์ค์ ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์ฌํ์ํฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ปค์.
โThe concentration of young people in the Seoul metropolitan area is likely to deepen regional imbalance.โ ๐
์ฒญ๋
์ธต = young population, ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค = to deepen/intensify, ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค = to be likely.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Demographic Korean often uses noun phrase + trend verb:
- ์ธ๊ตฌ + ๊ฐ์ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ (population decline)
- ์ถ์ฐ์จ + ํ๋ฝ โ ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ (decline in birth/fertility rate)
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ + ์ฌํ โ ๊ณ ๋ นํ ์ฌํ (intensification of aging)
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ + ๋ณํ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ (change in population structure)
- ์ง์ญ + ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ (regional imbalance)
Helpful verb pairings:
- ๋น์จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค โ the proportion increases
- ์ถ์ฐ์จ์ด ํ๋ฝํ๋ค โ the birth/fertility rate declines
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ aging intensifies
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ณํํ๋ค โ population structure changes
- ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ํ๋๋๋ค โ regional imbalance expands
- ๋ ธ๋๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ์์๋๋ค โ labor shortage is expected
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋์์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค โ policy response is required
๐ Cross-check note
The vocabulary and collocations in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr, including public-language examples and terminology involving ์ธ๊ตฌ, ์ ์ถ์ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ, ๋์ฑ
, ๊ตฌ์กฐ, and policy-response language. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ถ์ธ / ๊ฒฝํฅ โ trend / tendency. ์ถ์ธ sounds more data-oriented; ๊ฒฝํฅ can describe a broader tendency or habit. ๐
- ์ ๋ง / ์์ธก โ outlook/projection / prediction. ์ ๋ง often sounds formal and analytical; ์์ธก emphasizes predicting based on data or models. ๐ฎ
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค / ์ค์ด๋ค๋ค โ to decrease. ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค sounds more formal; ์ค์ด๋ค๋ค is natural and common. ๐
- ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค / ๋์ด๋๋ค โ to increase. ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค sounds more academic; ๋์ด๋๋ค is everyday-friendly. ๐
- ๋์ / ๋์ฑ โ response / countermeasure. ๋์ is the act or approach of responding; ๋์ฑ is the concrete measure or plan. ๐งญ
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ์ด์ ธ์ in formal analysis โ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ถ์ธ์์ (use demographic vocabulary, not casual wording). ๐
- โ ์ถ์ฐ์จ and ์ถ์๋ฅ as always identical โ โ ์ถ์ฐ์จ is common for fertility-level discussion; ์ถ์๋ฅ more directly describes births within a population. ๐ถ
- โ repeating ๋ฌธ์ for everything โ โ use precise nouns: ํ์ (phenomenon), ๋ณํ (change), ๋ถ๊ท ํ (imbalance), ๋ถ๋ด (burden), ์์ถ (contraction). ๐ง
- โ making predictions too absolute โ โ use cautious language like ์ ๋ง๋๋ค, ์์๋๋ค, ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค, and ์ฐ๋ ค๋๋ค. ๐ฎ
- โ describing only the data โ โ connect data to causes, impacts, projections, and responses. Data without analysis is just numbers wearing a lonely hat. ๐ฉ
Now you can discuss demographic change like a calm analyst: one hand on the data, one eye on the future, and absolutely no panic-cartwheels through the census office. ๐
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best demographic analysis term. Read the Korean sentence, check the English meaning, then open the Answer toggle for the nuance. ๐
1. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ๋น์จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ด์.
According to demographic statistics, the proportion of the elderly population is increasing. ๐ต
Answer
ํต๊ณ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ means demographic statistics.
2. ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํด์ผ ํด์.
To see long-term change, macro-level trends must be identified. ๐
Answer
์ถ์ธ โ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ means macro-level trend.
3. ์ ์ถ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ณ ์์ด์.
Low birth rates and aging are changing the population structure. ๐งฉ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means population structure.
4. ์ถ์ฐ์จ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ ์ ์์ด์.
If the birth rate falls, the working-age population may decrease long-term. ๐ญ
Answer
์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ โ ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ means working-age population.
5. ์ฒญ๋
์ธต์ด ์๋๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ง์ญ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฌํ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
If young people concentrate in the Seoul metropolitan area, regional imbalance may deepen. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ๊ท ํ โ ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ means regional imbalance.
6. ํ์ฌ ์ถ์ธ๊ฐ ์ง์๋๋ฉด ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ์.
If the current trend continues, labor shortage is expected. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ Completed form: ์์๋ผ์.
7. ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํด์.
To prepare for future changes, a policy response is needed. ๐งญ
Answer
๋์ โ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋์ means policy response.
8. ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ๋ ์ฌํด์ง๋ ํ์์ ๊ณ ๋ นํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
The phenomenon of aging becoming more severe is called intensification of aging. ๐ต
Answer
์ฌํ โ ๊ณ ๋ นํ ์ฌํ means intensification of population aging.
9. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ตํต ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์.
Population movement affects housing and transportation policy. ๐
Answer
๋ฏธ์ณ โ Completed phrase: ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณ์.
10. ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
Future population can be projected based on data. ๐ฎ
Answer
์์ธก โ ์์ธกํ๋ค means to predict/project based on data.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ โ demographic statistics
- ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ โ macro-level trend
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ population structure
- ์ ์ถ์ฐ โ low birth rate / low fertility
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ โ population aging
- ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ โ working-age population
- ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ regional imbalance
- ์์๋๋ค โ to be expected
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋์ โ policy response
- ์์ธกํ๋ค โ to predict/project
Tips ๐ก
- Use ์ ๋ง๋๋ค or ์์๋๋ค for cautious prediction.
- Use ์ฌํ๋๋ค for a trend becoming more serious.
- Use ๋์ when discussing what should be done.
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when you're ready to turn population data into polished analysis. ๐
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Macro-Analytical Trends in Demography
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Welcome to your ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ practice zone. ๐ Youโll train the vocabulary for population structure, low birth rates, aging, migration, regional imbalance, future projections, and policy response โ basically the census office, but with better jokes and fewer fluorescent lights. ๐ก
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence read aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural demographic analysis term. Decide whether the sentence is describing data, cause, impact, projection, or response, then check the Answer toggle.
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Exercise 1 โ Data and Trend Language ๐
A. ์ต๊ทผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํต๊ณ๋ 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ๋น์จ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค์.
Recent demographic statistics show an increase in the proportion of single-person households. ๐
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ is demographic statistics.
B. ํ ํด์ ๋ณํ๋ง ๋ณด์ง ๋ง๊ณ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํด์.
We should analyze long-term trends, not only one yearโs change. ๐
Answer
์ถ์ธ โ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ธ means long-term trend.
C. ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ๋น์จ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ ์ ์์ด์.
By looking at ratios by age, we can grasp the population structure of society. ๐งฉ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ Age distribution is part of population structure.
D. ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ๋น์จ์ ๊ณ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์.
The proportion of the elderly population is on a continuing increasing trend. ๐ต
Answer
์ถ์ธ โ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ์ถ์ธ is a standard trend phrase.
E. ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ ํ์์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์์ด์.
The decline in fertility can be seen not as a short-term event but as a structural change. ๐ถ
Answer
๋ณํ โ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ณํ means structural change.
F. ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํด์.
Social change should be analyzed macro-analytically based on data. ๐
Answer
๊ฑฐ์ โ Completed form: ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก.
G. ๋์์ ๋์ด์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณํ๋ ์ง์ญ๋ณ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์.
Population changes in cities and rural areas show regional differences. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฐจ์ด โ ์ง์ญ๋ณ ์ฐจ์ด means differences by region.
H. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณํ์ ์์ธ์ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To find the causes of population change, several indicators must be considered comprehensively. ๐ง
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider comprehensively.
I. ํ๊ท ์๋ช
์์น์ ๊ณ ๋ นํ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์์ด์.
Rising life expectancy is closely related to aging. โณ
Answer
๊ด๋ จ โ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค means to be closely related.
J. ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์์ธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์งํ์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํด์.
A regionโs population decline trend should be analyzed together with economic indicators. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์ โ Completed form: ๋ถ์๋์ด์ผ ํด์.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ โ demographic statistics
- 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ โ single-person household
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ธ โ long-term trend
- ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ๋น์จ โ ratio by age group
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ population structure
- ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ โ decline in birth/fertility rate
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ณํ โ structural change
- ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก โ macro-analytically
- ์ง์ญ๋ณ ์ฐจ์ด โ differences by region
- ์ข ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider comprehensively
- ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ โ close relation
- ๋ถ์๋๋ค โ to be analyzed
Tip ๐ก Data sentences often use -์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ค, ๋ถ์ํ๋ค, and ํ์
ํ๋ค.
Exercise 2 โ Aging, Birth Rates, and Labor Supply ๐ต
A. ์ถ์ฐ์จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์์ ์์ธ์ด ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
A decline in fertility can become a cause of long-term population decline. ๐ถ
Answer
ํ๋ฝ โ ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ is a common demographic phrase.
B. ๋
ธ๋
์ธต ๋น์จ์ด ๋์์ง๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํด์.
When the elderly population ratio rises, we say aging is intensifying. ๐ต
Answer
์ฌํ โ Completed form: ์ฌํ๋๊ณ .
C. ์ผํ ์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ น๋์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
The population in age groups able to work is called the working-age population. ๐ญ
Answer
์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ โ ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ is working-age population.
D. ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๋ฉด ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์์ด์.
If the working-age population decreases, a labor shortage may occur. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ์กฑ โ ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ means labor shortage.
E. ํ๊ท ์๋ช
์ด ๋์ด๋๋ฉด ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์ ์์ด์.
If life expectancy rises, demand for medical services may increase. ๐ฅ
Answer
์์ โ ์๋น์ค ์์ means demand for services.
F. ์ ์ถ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ๋์์ ์งํ๋๋ฉด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
If low birth rates and aging progress simultaneously, changes in population structure may accelerate. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์ํ โ ๊ฐ์ํ๋๋ค means to accelerate.
G. ์๋ ์๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๋ฉด ํ๋ น์ธ๊ตฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If the number of children decreases, it may lead to a decline in the school-age population. ๐ซ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ํ๋ น์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ means decline in the school-age population.
H. ๊ณ ๋ นํ๋ ๋ณต์ง ๋น์ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์์ด์.
Aging may affect the increase in welfare costs. ๐งบ
Answer
๋ฏธ์น โ Completed phrase: ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ ์์ด์.
I. ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ํ๋ง์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ผ์.
Declining fertility is related not only to personal choice but also to structural factors. ๐งฉ
Answer
์์ธ โ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ means structural factor.
J. ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง ๊ฐํ์ ํ์์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์.
The increase in the elderly population suggests the need to strengthen the social safety net. ๐ชข
Answer
์์ฌ โ ์์ฌํ๋ค means to suggest or imply.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ โ decline in birth/fertility rate
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ โ long-term population decline
- ๋ ธ๋ ์ธต ๋น์จ โ elderly population ratio
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ ์ฌํ โ intensification of aging
- ์์ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ตฌ โ working-age population
- ๋ ธ๋๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ โ labor shortage
- ํ๊ท ์๋ช โ life expectancy
- ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์์ โ demand for medical services
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋๋ค โ to accelerate
- ํ๋ น์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ โ decline in school-age population
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ โ structural factor
- ์์ฌํ๋ค โ to suggest, imply
Tip ๐ก For aging and birth-rate analysis, connect causes to labor, education, healthcare, and welfare impacts.
Exercise 3 โ Migration and Regional Imbalance ๐
A. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ง์ญ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ฒจ ๋ค๋๋ ํ์์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
The phenomenon of people moving between regions is called population movement. ๐
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ด๋ means population movement or migration.
B. ์ฒญ๋
์ธต์ด ์๋๊ถ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์์ ์๋๊ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
The phenomenon of young people clustering in the Seoul metropolitan area is concentration in the capital region. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ค โ ์๋๊ถ ์ง์ค is a major regional demographic phrase.
C. ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๋ฉด ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด๋ํ ์ ์์ด์.
If the local population decreases, it can cause contraction of the regional economy. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์ถ โ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ถ means economic contraction.
D. ์ผ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์๋๊ถ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ง์ญ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ๋๋ผ์.
If jobs and educational opportunities concentrate in the capital region, regional imbalance expands. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ๊ท ํ โ ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ means regional imbalance.
E. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ์ถ์ด ๊ณ์๋๋ฉด ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋ํ์ ํ์ ๋ชจ์ง์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If population outflow continues, student recruitment at regional universities may become difficult. ๐
Answer
์ด๋ ค์ โ Completed form: ์ด๋ ค์์ง ์ ์์ด์.
F. ์ง์ญ ์๋ฉธ ์ํ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์์ด์.
The risk of regional extinction can be seen as a phenomenon combining population decline and aging. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ โ ํ์ means phenomenon.
G. ์ฒญ๋
์ธต ์ ์
์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ง์ญ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ์ ํด์ผ ํด์.
To increase the inflow of young people, local job conditions must be improved. ๐ผ
Answer
์ฌ๊ฑด โ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ฌ๊ฑด means job conditions.
H. ๊ตํต ์ธํ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If transportation infrastructure is lacking, the access gap between regions may grow. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means access gap.
I. ์๋๊ถ ์ง์ค์ ์ํํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ง์ญ ๊ท ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To ease concentration in the capital region, balanced regional development must be promoted. ๐งญ
Answer
์ถ์ง โ ์ถ์งํ๋ค means to promote or push forward.
J. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผํ ์์์ ๊ตํต ๊ณํ์ ์ค์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์.
Population movement has an important effect on housing demand and transportation planning. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ฏธ์ณ โ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to affect.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ด๋ โ population movement, migration
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต โ young population
- ์๋๊ถ ์ง์ค โ concentration in the Seoul metropolitan area
- ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ local/regional population
- ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ถ โ contraction of the regional economy
- ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ regional imbalance
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ์ถ โ population outflow
- ์ง์ญ ์๋ฉธ ์ํ โ risk of regional extinction/decline
- ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ฌ๊ฑด โ job conditions
- ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ access gap
- ์ง์ญ ๊ท ํ ๋ฐ์ โ balanced regional development
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to affect
Tip ๐ก Regional-demography sentences often connect population movement to jobs, schools, housing, transport, and local economies.
Exercise 4 โ Projection and Policy Response ๐ฎ
A. ํ์ฌ ์ถ์ธ๊ฐ ์ง์๋๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋น์จ์ ๋ ๋์์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ์.
If the current trend continues, the elderly population ratio is projected to rise further. ๐ฎ
Answer
์ ๋ง โ ์ ๋ง๋๋ค means to be projected.
B. ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ์ฌํด์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์.
The possibility that labor shortages will worsen is high. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค means to be likely.
C. ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํด์.
To prepare for future population changes, long-term policy design is needed. ๐งญ
Answer
์ค๊ณ โ ์ ์ฑ
์ค๊ณ means policy design.
D. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ์ ๋ง์ถ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋ผ์.
A policy response suited to changes in population structure is required. ๐
Answer
๋์ โ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋์ is policy response.
E. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ์ ๋ํ ์คํจ์ฑ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ผ ํด์.
The government must prepare effective countermeasures for the decline in fertility. ๐ถ
Answer
๋์ฑ
โ ์คํจ์ฑ ์๋ ๋์ฑ
means effective countermeasures.
F. ๊ณ ๋ นํ์ ๋์ํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๋ฃ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To respond to aging, the healthcare system and welfare system must be adjusted together. ๐ฅ
Answer
์กฐ์ โ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค means to adjust.
G. ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ธก์ ์ ํํ ์๋ฃ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํด์ผ ํด์.
Future projection should be based on accurate data analysis. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์ โ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ means data analysis.
H. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ก์ด ๋์์ฑ
์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ์.
If policy effects are insufficient, new countermeasures are required. ๐งฐ
Answer
์๊ตฌ โ Completed form: ์๊ตฌ๋ผ์.
I. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณํ์ ๋๋นํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต์ก, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ, ์๋ฃ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํด์.
To prepare for population change, education, housing, and healthcare policy must be reviewed comprehensively. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ข
ํฉ โ Completed form: ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก.
J. ํฅํ ๋ณํ์ ๋๋นํ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฒ๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋ค ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์ด์ผ ํด์.
Policy that prepares for future change should be a long-term response rather than a short-term fix. ๐งญ
Answer
๋์ โ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ means long-term response.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ง๋๋ค โ to be projected
- ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค โ to be likely
- ์ ์ฑ ์ค๊ณ โ policy design
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋์ โ policy response
- ์คํจ์ฑ ์๋ ๋์ฑ โ effective countermeasures
- ์๋ฃ ์ฒด๊ณ โ healthcare system
- ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋ โ welfare system
- ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ โ data analysis
- ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค โ to be required
- ์ข ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to review comprehensively
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ โ long-term response
Tip ๐ก Projection sentences sound safer with ์ ๋ง๋๋ค, ์์๋๋ค, ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค, and ์ฐ๋ ค๋๋ค.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ค๊ณ ์์ด์. โ
์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์ถ์ธ์์.
Wrong: โPeople are decreasing.โ Right: โThe population is on a decreasing trend.โ ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ Formal analysis prefers ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ถ์ธ.
B. โ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ ธ์. โ
์ฌํ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์.
Wrong: โSociety will definitely collapse.โ Right: โSocial burden is likely to increase.โ ๐ฎ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ Use cautious prediction instead of absolute panic.
C. โ ์ถ์ฐ์จ๊ณผ ์ถ์๋ฅ ์ ํญ์ ์์ ํ ๊ฐ์์. โ
์ผ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์์๋ ์ถ์ฐ์จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ํํ์ด ์์ฃผ ์ฐ์ฌ์.
Wrong: โFertility rate and birth rate are always exactly the same.โ Right: โIn general analysis, the phrase decline in fertility is often used.โ ๐ถ
Answer
ํ๋ฝ โ ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ is the common demographic phrase.
D. โ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ํด์. โ
์ง์ญ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ง์ญ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ์ ํํ ๋งํ ์ ์์ด์.
Wrong: โCall everything a problem.โ Right: โRegional differences can be more precisely called regional imbalance.โ โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ๊ท ํ โ Precise nouns make advanced writing stronger.
E. โ ์๋ฃ๋ง ๋งํ๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํด์. โ
์๋ฃ, ์์ธ, ์ํฅ, ์ ๋ง, ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ด์ผ ํด์.
Wrong: โMentioning data is enough.โ Right: โData, causes, impacts, projections, and responses must be considered together.โ ๐งญ
Answer
๋์ โ Strong demographic analysis ends with response.
F. โ ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ์๋ป์ง๊ณ ์์ด์. โ
๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ณ ์์ด์.
Wrong: โAging is becoming pretty.โ Right: โAging is intensifying.โ ๐ต
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ๋๋ค is the correct academic verb.
G. โ ์ ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์์ธ์ ๋ง์์. โ
์ฒญ๋
์ธต์ ์๋๊ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์์ด ๋ํ๋์.
Wrong: โMany young people are in Seoul.โ Right: โThe phenomenon of young people concentrating in the capital region appears.โ ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ค โ This is the formal regional-demography expression.
H. โ ๋ฏธ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๋๋์ผ๋ก ๋งํด์. โ
๋ฏธ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํด์ผ ํด์.
Wrong: โTalk about the future by feeling.โ Right: โFuture prediction should be based on data analysis.โ ๐
Answer
์์ธก โ ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ธก should be data-based.
I. โ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅ ์กฐ์ฉํด์ ธ์. โ
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด๋ํ ์ ์์ด์.
Wrong: โThe region just gets quiet.โ Right: โPopulation outflow can cause contraction of the regional economy.โ ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์ถ โ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ถ is precise and formal.
J. โ ๋์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์์. โ
๋์์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ง์ถ ์ ์ฑ
์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ ๊ฑฐ์์.
Wrong: โResponse is an emotion.โ Right: โResponse means preparing policy or countermeasures suited to change.โ ๐งฐ
Answer
๋์ฑ
โ ๋์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค means to prepare countermeasures.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ โ population decline
- ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility
- ์ถ์ฐ์จ ํ๋ฝ โ decline in fertility/birth rate
- ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ regional imbalance
- ๋์ โ response
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ ์ฌํ โ intensification of aging
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต โ young population
- ์๋๊ถ ์ง์ค โ concentration in the Seoul metropolitan area
- ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ธก โ future prediction/projection
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ์ถ โ population outflow
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ถ โ economic contraction
- ๋์ฑ ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค โ to prepare countermeasures
Tip ๐ก Final check: advanced demographic analysis should sound cautious, data-based, and connected to policy response.
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๐ Excellent work โ you can now turn demographic data into advanced Korean analysis with ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ถ์ธ, ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ธก, and ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋์. Your population-statistics vocabulary has officially put on a blazer. ๐๐งฅ