TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งช ํ์ ์ ์ฑ (innovation policy) can produce ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (paradoxical outcomes): results that clash with the original goal.
- โ๏ธ Advanced analysis usually follows a chain: ์ ์ฑ ๋ชฉํ (policy goal) โ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ (incentive structure) โ ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ (unexpected effect) โ ํ๊ฐ (evaluation).
- ๐ง The strongest Korean explanations name both the intended benefit and the mechanism that caused the reversal.
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a policy phrase aloud. Long Sino-Korean chains like ํ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (the paradoxical outcomes of innovation policy) sound much clearer when you listen to them as one rhythm unit, not as lonely vocabulary crumbs. ๐ช
๐ The Big Picture
Innovation policy sounds heroic: governments, universities, or institutions try to encourage new technology, research, productivity, or social improvement. But policy is not a magic wand; it changes incentives, and people respond to those incentives. ๐ช
A paradoxical outcome happens when the result bends in the opposite direction from the original intention. In Korean analysis, the key phrase is ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (paradoxical outcome): ์ญ์ค์ means โparadoxical,โ and ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means โresult/outcome.โ
For advanced reading and discussion, do not just say โthe policy failed.โ A sharper answer explains the chain: the policy had a ์ ์ฑ
๋ชฉํ (policy goal), used a ์ ์ฑ
์๋จ (policy measure), changed the ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ (incentive structure), and produced an ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ (unexpected effect). That is where the good analysis lives. ๐งฉ
๐จ The Core Innovation-Policy Vocabulary Family
๐๏ธ Policy intention words
- ํ์ ์ ์ฑ โ innovation policy; policy designed to encourage new technology, systems, methods, or productive change.
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ชฉํ โ policy goal; what the policy tries to accomplish.
- ์ ์ฑ ์๋จ โ policy measure/instrument; the method used to reach the goal.
- ๊ท์ ์ํ โ deregulation; reducing rules or restrictions.
- ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ โ subsidy; money or support given to encourage a behavior.
- ์ธ์ ํํ โ tax benefit; tax reduction or incentive.
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํฌ์ โ research and development investment; often also written as R&D investment.
โ๏ธ Mechanism words
- ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ incentive structure; the rewards and pressures that shape behavior.
- ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ โ performance indicator; the metric used to judge success.
- ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค โ evaluation criteria; the standard used to judge results.
- ํ์ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ on-the-ground conditions; real conditions where the policy is implemented.
- ๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ gap/discrepancy; a mismatch between two things, often intention and result.
๐ช๏ธ Result words
- ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ paradoxical outcome; a result that contradicts the original goal.
- ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ โ unexpected effect; an effect that was not predicted.
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ unintended consequence; a result not intended by the policymaker.
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect; usually a negative secondary result.
- ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ balloon effect; pressure in one area pushes the problem into another area.
๐ ๏ธ High-value verbs
All verbs are listed in dictionary form, then shown in natural sentence use.
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote/encourage.
- ์ ํดํ๋ค โ to hinder/impede.
- ์๊ณกํ๋ค โ to distort.
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to bring about/cause, often something negative.
- ํํผํ๋ค โ to avoid/evade.
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease/relax, often rules or burdens.
- ๋ณด์ํ๋ค โ to supplement/improve by fixing a weakness.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ์ ํ๋ํ์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ์ง์๊ธ ์ ์ฒญ์ ์ง์คํ๋ค.
The government expanded subsidies to promote new-technology development, but some firms focused more on applying for funding than on actual research. ๐งพ
Notes: ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ means โnew-technology development,โ ํ๋ํ๋ค means โto expand,โ and ์ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ means โactual research.โ
- ๋จ์ํ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์๊ณกํ๊ณ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ญ๋์ ์ ํดํ ์ ์๋ค.
Simple performance indicators can distort the direction of research and hinder long-term innovation capacity. ๐งญ
Notes: ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ means โlong-term,โ and ํ์ ์ญ๋ means โinnovation capacity.โ
- ๊ท์ ์ํ๋ ์์ฅ ์ง์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ฎ์ถ์์ง๋ง, ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค.
Deregulation lowered barriers to market entry, but it caused the unintended consequence of a gap in quality control. ๐ง
Notes: ์์ฅ ์ง์
์ฅ๋ฒฝ means โbarrier to market entry,โ ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ means โquality control,โ and ๊ณต๋ฐฑ means โgap/vacuum.โ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For analytical writing, build sentences in four moves:
- Goal: A๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด B๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ๋ค. โ โB was introduced to promote A.โ
- Reaction: ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์์๋ C์ ์ง์คํ๋ค. โ โHowever, the actors focused on C.โ
- Reversal: ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์คํ๋ ค D๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. โ โAs a result, D appeared instead.โ
- Evaluation: ์ด๋ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. โ โThis was because the incentive structure was not sufficiently considered.โ
A strong full template:
์ด ์ ์ฑ ์ A๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด B๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ C๊ฐ D์ ์ง์คํ๋ฉด์ ์คํ๋ ค E๋ผ๋ ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ์ฑ ์๋จ์ด ํ์ฅ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
This policy introduced B to achieve A. However, as C focused on D, the paradoxical outcome E appeared instead. This happened because the policy measure did not sufficiently reflect the incentive structure on the ground.
๐ Cross-check note
The vocabulary forms and usage patterns in this lesson were checked against Korean reference usage from the National Institute of Korean Language at korean.go.kr, with special care around dictionary-form verbs such as ์ด์งํ๋ค (to promote), ์ ํดํ๋ค (to hinder), ์๊ณกํ๋ค (to distort), and ์ด๋ํ๋ค (to cause/bring about). โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (paradoxical outcome) vs. ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (unintended consequence): the first stresses contradiction; the second stresses lack of intention.
- ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ (unexpected effect) vs. ๋ถ์์ฉ (side effect): the first can be neutral or negative; the second usually sounds negative.
- ์ด์งํ๋ค (to promote) vs. ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ค (to encourage): both are formal, but ์ด์งํ๋ค fits policy and process acceleration especially well.
- ์ ํดํ๋ค (to hinder) vs. ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค (to obstruct): ์ ํดํ๋ค sounds more analytical and formal; ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค is broader and more everyday.
- ์๊ณกํ๋ค (to distort) vs. ๋ณํํ๋ค (to transform/modify): ์๊ณกํ๋ค implies a problematic distortion, not just a neutral change.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ํ์ = only โinventionโ โ โ ํ์ is broader: innovation in technology, systems, methods, institutions, or business models. ๐งช
- โ ํจ๊ณผ for every result โ โ Use ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ for broad outcomes, ํจ๊ณผ for effects/impact, and ๋ถ์์ฉ for negative secondary effects. ๐ฏ
- โ ์๋์น ์์ = intentional โ โ ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means โunintended consequenceโ; ์๋์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means โintentional result.โ ๐ชค
- โ โThe policy failedโ with no mechanism โ โ Name the incentive or evaluation problem: ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์๊ณก (distortion of the incentive structure) or ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ํ๊ณ (limitations of evaluation criteria). ๐
- โ Treating ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ as a literal balloon story โ โ It means a displaced problem: pressure here, bulge over there. ๐
Advanced policy vocabulary is basically detective work with nouns: find the goal, follow the incentives, catch the reversal, and explain the outcome. ๐ต๏ธโโ๏ธโจ
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best policy-analysis expression. Read the Korean sentence first, say your answer aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the reasoning.
1. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ์ ๋๋ ธ๋ค.
The government increased subsidies to promote eco-friendly technology. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ด์งํ๊ธฐ โ ์ด์งํ๋ค means โto promote,โ and -๊ธฐ ์ํด means โin order to.โ
2. ๋จ์ํ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Simple performance indicators can distort the direction of research. ๐
Answer
์๊ณกํ โ ์๊ณกํ๋ค means โto distortโ; here it becomes ์๊ณกํ ์ ์๋ค (can distort).
3. ๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ท์ ๋ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ฅ ์ง์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Excessive regulation hinders start-upsโ market entry. ๐ช
Answer
์ ํดํ๋ค โ ์ ํดํ๋ค is a formal verb meaning โto hinder.โ
4. ์ด ์ ๋๋ ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
This system caused unexpected side effects. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ํ๋ค โ ์ด๋ํ๋ค means โto bring about/cause,โ often for negative results.
5. ์ง์๊ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๊ธฐ์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค.
The funding criteria changed firmsโ incentive structure. ๐งฒ
Answer
์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ this is the reward-and-pressure system that shapes behavior.
6. ์ ์ฑ
๋ชฉํ์ ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ด์ ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ๋ค.
A large gap arose between the policy goal and the actual result. ๐ณ๏ธ
Answer
๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ means a discrepancy or gap between two things.
7. ๊ท์ ์ํ๊ฐ ์คํ๋ ค ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
Deregulation instead created a gap in quality control. ๐งฏ
Answer
๊ณต๋ฐฑ โ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ means a gap, vacuum, or missing area in a system.
8. ํ ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The phenomenon where a problem moves from one area to another is called the balloon effect. ๐
Answer
ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ pressure reduced in one place can reappear somewhere else.
9. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๋๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To judge a policyโs effect, we must look not only at intention but also at actual results. ๐
Answer
์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ advanced analysis compares the intended goal with what actually happened.
10. ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ๋ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ค.
To reduce the limitations of performance indicators, the institutional design must be improved. ๐งฐ
Answer
๋ณด์ํด์ผ โ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค means โto supplement/improve by fixing weaknesses.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ถ โ government
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์ โ eco-friendly technology
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote
- ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ โ subsidy
- ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ โ performance indicator
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ โ direction of research
- ์๊ณกํ๋ค โ to distort
- ๊ท์ โ regulation
- ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ โ start-up company
- ์์ฅ ์ง์ โ market entry
- ์ ํดํ๋ค โ to hinder
- ์ ๋ โ system/institution
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to cause/bring about
- ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ incentive structure
- ๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ discrepancy/gap
- ๊ท์ ์ํ โ deregulation
- ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ quality control
- ๊ณต๋ฐฑ โ gap/vacuum
- ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ balloon effect
- ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ actual result
- ๋ณด์ํ๋ค โ to supplement/improve
Tip ๐ก Most answers are formal analysis words, so choose the term that explains the mechanism, not just the topic.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these policy-analysis words into full advanced reading and writing reflexes.
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Paradoxical Outcomes of Innovation Policy
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Welcome to the policy-analysis gym, where every treadmill is powered by incentives and at least one committee has overused a metric. ๐๏ธ This Practice Hub helps you master advanced Korean vocabulary for explaining how a well-meant innovation policy can produce an unexpected, even opposite, result.
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or noun chain.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best expression, then check the Answer toggle. Focus on the logic: goal, measure, mechanism, reversal, and evaluation.
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Exercise 1 โ Policy Goals and Measures ๐๏ธ
A. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ค์๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
The government expanded R&D subsidies to promote small and medium-sized firmsโ technology development. ๐งช
Answer
์ด์งํ๊ธฐ โ ์ด์งํ๋ค means โto promote,โ which fits a policy goal.
B. ์ด ์ ์ฑ
์ ํต์ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ญ๋์ ๊ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
The core policy goal was to strengthen long-term innovation capacity. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ์ฑ
๋ชฉํ โ the sentence defines what the policy aimed to achieve.
C. ์ธ์ ํํ์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Tax benefits are a representative policy measure for increasing private investment. ๐ผ
Answer
์ ์ฑ
์๋จ โ this names the instrument used to pursue the goal.
D. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ถ์งํ๋ค.
The government pursued deregulation to reduce the burden on start-ups. ๐ช
Answer
๊ท์ ์ํ โ ๊ท์ ์ํ means easing or relaxing regulation.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ฅ๋น ๊ตฌ์
์ ์ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์ฒญํ๋ค.
The research institute applied for a subsidy to purchase equipment. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ โ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ is financial support given to encourage a target activity.
F. ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ธ๊ธ ๋ถ๋ด์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ์๋น๊ฒผ๋ค.
The firm moved its investment earlier because of tax benefits that lowered its tax burden. ๐งพ
Answer
์ธ์ ํํ โ this means a tax incentive or tax benefit.
G. ๋ํ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ณด๋ค ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ง์ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ ํธํ๋ค.
The university preferred R&D investment adjusted to short-term outcomes rather than long-term projects. โฑ๏ธ
Answer
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํฌ์ โ the phrase means research and development investment.
H. ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ณต์กํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
If licensing procedures are complex, barriers to market entry rise. ๐งฑ
Answer
์์ฅ ์ง์
์ฅ๋ฒฝ โ this is the obstacle that makes entering a market difficult.
I. ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ์
์ผ๋ก ํผ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
The process of new technology spreading across industries is called technology diffusion. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ์ ํ์ฐ โ ํ์ฐ means spread/diffusion.
J. ์ ์ฑ
๋ด๋น์๋ ์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค.
The policymaker reviewed the design of the policy measure before the size of support. ๐งฐ
Answer
์ ์ฑ
์๋จ โ the sentence contrasts the instrument design with the amount of support.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ถ โ government
- ์ค์๊ธฐ์ โ small and medium-sized firm
- ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ technology development
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ โ R&D subsidy
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ชฉํ โ policy goal
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ญ๋ โ long-term innovation capacity
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ์ธ์ ํํ โ tax benefit
- ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํฌ์ โ private investment
- ์ ์ฑ ์๋จ โ policy measure
- ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ โ start-up company
- ๋ถ๋ด โ burden
- ๊ท์ ์ํ โ deregulation
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ โ research institute
- ์ฅ๋น ๊ตฌ์ โ equipment purchase
- ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ โ subsidy
- ์ธ๊ธ ๋ถ๋ด โ tax burden
- ํฌ์ โ investment
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํฌ์ โ R&D investment
- ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ โ short-term outcome
- ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ โ licensing procedure
- ์์ฅ ์ง์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ โ market-entry barrier
- ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ฐ โ technology diffusion
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ด๋น์ โ policymaker
- ์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ โ scale of support
Tip ๐ก Policy-goal sentences often use -๊ธฐ ์ํด (in order to) before the measure.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Mechanisms and Incentives โ๏ธ
A. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค.
When the subsidy criteria changed, firmsโ incentive structure also changed. ๐งฒ
Answer
์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ this names the reward system shaping behavior.
B. ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๋จ์ํ๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
If the evaluation method is too simple, it can distort researchersโ choices. ๐
Answer
์๊ณกํ โ ์๊ณกํ๋ค means to distort something away from a better direction.
C. ๋
ผ๋ฌธ ์๋ง ๋ณด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ง๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
Performance indicators that only look at paper counts made people value quantity over quality. ๐
Answer
์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ โ this is the metric used to judge performance.
D. ํ์ฅ์์๋ ์ค์ ์ ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ง ์์๋ค.
On the ground, the central governmentโs evaluation criteria did not match reality. ๐งญ
Answer
ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค โ this refers to the standard used for judging results.
E. ์ ์ฑ
์ค๊ณ์๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ดํผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
The policy designer did not sufficiently examine local on-the-ground conditions. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ this means real implementation conditions.
F. ๋ชฉํ์ ์คํ ์ฌ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง์๋ก ๋ถ์์ฉ๋ ์ปค์ก๋ค.
As the gap between the goal and implementation grew, the side effects also grew. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ means discrepancy or gap.
G. ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๊น๋ค๋ก์ด ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํด ํ์์ ์๊ฑด๋ง ๋ง์ถ์๋ค.
Companies met only formal requirements to avoid strict review. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํํผํ๊ธฐ โ ํํผํ๋ค means to avoid or evade.
H. ์ง์๊ธ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋ค ๋ด๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The funding competition promoted internal competition rather than research collaboration. ๐
Answer
์ด์ง โ here ์ด์งํ๋ค means โpromoted/accelerated.โ
I. ๋ณต์กํ ์ ์ฒญ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The complicated application process hindered participation by small research teams. ๐งฑ
Answer
์ ํด โ ์ ํดํ๋ค means โhindered.โ
J. ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ตํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ค.
To increase a policyโs effectiveness, the incentive structure must be carefully designed. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์ค๊ณํด์ผ โ ์ค๊ณํ๋ค means โto design.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ๊ธฐ์ค โ subsidy criteria
- ๊ธฐ์ โ firm/company
- ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ incentive structure
- ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ โ evaluation method
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ โ researcher
- ์ ํ โ choice
- ์๊ณกํ๋ค โ to distort
- ๋ ผ๋ฌธ ์ โ number of papers
- ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ โ performance indicator
- ์ง โ quality
- ์ โ quantity
- ํ์ฅ โ on-site reality
- ์ค์ ์ ๋ถ โ central government
- ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค โ evaluation criteria
- ์ ์ฑ ์ค๊ณ์ โ policy designer
- ํ์ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ on-the-ground conditions
- ๋ชฉํ โ goal
- ์คํ โ implementation
- ๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ discrepancy/gap
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์ฌ์ฌ โ review/evaluation
- ํํผํ๋ค โ to avoid/evade
- ํ์์ ์๊ฑด โ formal requirement
- ์ง์๊ธ ๊ฒฝ์ โ competition for funding
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ ฅ โ research collaboration
- ๋ด๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์ โ internal competition
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote
- ์ ์ฒญ ์ ์ฐจ โ application process
- ์ฐ๊ตฌํ โ research team
- ์ฐธ์ฌ โ participation
- ์ ํดํ๋ค โ to hinder
- ์ค๊ณํ๋ค โ to design
Tip ๐ก Mechanism vocabulary explains why actors behaved differently after the policy changed.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Unexpected Results and Reversals ๐ช๏ธ
A. ํ์ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ์คํ๋ ค ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ์์ ํค์ฐ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์๋ค.
The policy that tried to increase innovation instead produced the paradoxical outcome of growing imitation-based competition. ๐ช
Answer
์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ the result contradicts the original goal.
B. ์ง์ ํ๋๋ ๋ช๋ช ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์กด์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
Expanded support created the unexpected effect of increasing some firmsโ dependency. ๐ชข
Answer
์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ โ this emphasizes that the effect was not predicted.
C. ๋น ๋ฅธ ์์ฉํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ฆ ์ฝํ๋ผ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค.
The rapid commercialization policy caused the unintended consequence of weakened safety verification. ๐งฏ
Answer
์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ the policy did not intend this result.
D. ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ถ์ด๋ผ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณ์๋ค.
Short-term performance competition produced the side effect of shrinking long-term research. โณ
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ this is a negative secondary effect.
E. ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
When regulation was strengthened in one region, the balloon effect appeared as the problem moved to another region. ๐
Answer
ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ the problem is pushed out of one place and reappears elsewhere.
F. ์ ๋ถ์ ์๋์ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ด๊ธ๋๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ๋ค.
As the governmentโs intention and the marketโs reaction diverged, a gap emerged in the policy effect. ๐งฉ
Answer
๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ this names the mismatch between intention and reaction.
G. ํ์์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค๋ง ๋ง์ถ๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ๋์ด ์ค์ ํ์ ํฌ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
As more firms met only formal criteria, actual innovation investment decreased. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค means โdecreased.โ
H. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The policy expected research collaboration, but in the end it intensified competitive pressure. ๐
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ฐํํ๋ค means โstrengthened/intensified.โ
I. ์ ์ ๋๋ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ค์์ผ๋ ํ์ง ๋
ผ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The new system reduced costs but caused a quality controversy. ๐งพ
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ด๋ํ๋ค fits a negative result such as controversy.
J. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ์๋ ๋ชฉํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์์ง์๋ค.
Looking at the actual result of the policy, it moved in the opposite direction from the original goal. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ โ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ means โopposite direction.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ โ innovation
- ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ์ โ imitation-based competition
- ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ paradoxical outcome
- ์ง์ ํ๋ โ expanded support
- ์์กด์ฑ โ dependency
- ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ โ unexpected effect
- ์์ฉํ ์ ์ฑ โ commercialization policy
- ์์ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ์ฝํ โ weakening
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ unintended consequence
- ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ โ short-term performance competition
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ long-term research
- ์์ถ โ shrinking/contraction
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์ง์ญ โ region
- ๊ท์ โ regulation
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ balloon effect
- ์ ๋ถ์ ์๋ โ government intention
- ์์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ โ market reaction
- ๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ gap/discrepancy
- ํ์์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค โ formal criteria
- ํ์ ํฌ์ โ innovation investment
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to decrease
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ ฅ โ research collaboration
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฐ โ competitive pressure
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to cause
- ํ์ง ๋ ผ๋ โ quality controversy
- ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ actual result
- ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ โ opposite direction
Tip ๐ก Reversal markers like ์คํ๋ ค (rather/instead) and ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก (as a result) often announce the paradox.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Analytical Sentence Frames ๐ง
A. ์ด ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ์ ๋์
ํ๋ค.
This policy introduced subsidies to promote electric-vehicle battery technology. ๐
Answer
์ด์งํ๊ธฐ โ goal clauses commonly use ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด (in order to promote).
B. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ์๋ น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
However, firms focused on receiving subsidies rather than on long-term research. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ง์ค โ ์ง์คํ๋ค means โfocused.โ
C. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์คํ๋ ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
As a result, actual technological innovation instead weakened. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํํ๋ค means โweakened.โ
D. ์ด๋ ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํ์ฅ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
This was because the evaluation criteria did not sufficiently reflect the incentive structure on the ground. ๐ช
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค means โto reflect.โ
E. ์ ์ฑ
์๋จ๊ณผ ์ค์ ํ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
We must analyze the gap between the policy measure and actual behavior. ๐
Answer
๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ this identifies the discrepancy that analysis should explain.
F. ์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํด์๋ก ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ ์ด ๋์ด๋๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The assumption that larger support necessarily increases innovation is simplistic. ๐ง
Answer
๋จ์ โ ๋จ์ํ๋ค means โsimple/simplistic.โ
G. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ ๋๋ ์๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ํ๋ค.
When evaluating policy effects, we must examine both intention and result. ๐
Answer
์ดํด๋ด โ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ค means โto examine/look into.โ
H. ์ ๋ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Without institutional adjustment, the same side effect can be repeated. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ณต โ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค means โto be repeated.โ
I. ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Continuous feedback is necessary to reduce unexpected effects. ๐ฃ
Answer
ํผ๋๋ฐฑ โ in policy discussion, ํผ๋๋ฐฑ means feedback from results or stakeholders.
J. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์์๋ ์ง์ ํ๋๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.
In the conclusion, the writer emphasized that designing incentive structures is more important than expanding support. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ค๊ณ โ ์ค๊ณ means design; this is the policy lesson.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ โ electric-vehicle battery technology
- ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ โ subsidy
- ๋์ ํ๋ค โ to introduce
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote
- ๊ธฐ์ โ firm/company
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ long-term research
- ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ์๋ น โ receiving subsidies
- ์ง์คํ๋ค โ to focus
- ์ค์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ actual technological innovation
- ์ฝํํ๋ค โ to weaken
- ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค โ evaluation criteria
- ํ์ฅ โ on-the-ground reality
- ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ incentive structure
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to reflect
- ์ ์ฑ ์๋จ โ policy measure
- ์ค์ ํ๋ โ actual behavior
- ๊ดด๋ฆฌ โ gap/discrepancy
- ์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ โ scale of support
- ๊ฐ์ โ assumption
- ๋จ์ํ๋ค โ to be simplistic/simple
- ์ ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ โ policy effect
- ์๋ โ intention
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result
- ์ดํด๋ณด๋ค โ to examine
- ์ ๋ ์กฐ์ โ institutional adjustment
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค โ to be repeated
- ์๊ธฐ์น ๋ชปํ ํจ๊ณผ โ unexpected effect
- ํผ๋๋ฐฑ โ feedback
- ์ง์ ํ๋ โ expanded support
- ์ค๊ณ โ design
Tip ๐ก A polished analysis sentence usually combines a cause phrase with ์ด๋ ... ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค (this is because ...).
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ํ์ ์ ๋จ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
Innovation is a broader concept than simple invention. ๐ก
Answer
๋ฐ๋ช
โ โ Do not translate ํ์ only as โinvention.โ โ
It can include systems, processes, and institutions.
B. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋์ ์ฐ์ถ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๋ค.
A policyโs broad output is more naturally called an outcome/result than an effect. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ โ Do not use ํจ๊ณผ for every result. โ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ is broader.
C. ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ 2์ฐจ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํํํ ์ ์๋ค.
A negative secondary impact can be expressed as a side effect. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ โ
Use this for negative secondary effects.
D. ์๋ํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ํํํ๋ค.
The meaning โnot intendedโ is expressed as an unintended consequence. ๐ชค
Answer
์๋์น โ โ Do not confuse this with ์๋์ ์ธ (intentional). โ
์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means unintended consequence.
E. ์ ์ฑ
์คํจ๋ง ๋งํ์ง ๋ง๊ณ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค๋ช
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Do not only say โpolicy failureโ; explain the distortion of the incentive structure. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
์๊ณก โ โ
Advanced analysis names the mechanism, such as distorted incentives.
F. ํ์ชฝ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The phenomenon where pressing down one problem makes another problem grow is the balloon effect. ๐
Answer
ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ โ It is not a literal balloon story. โ
It means displaced pressure.
G. ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ง๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If performance indicators make people value quantity over research quality, the research direction is distorted. ๐
Answer
์๊ณก โ ์๊ณก๋๋ค means โto be distorted.โ
H. ๋ณต์กํ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด ์์ฅ ์ง์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
If complicated procedures prevent small firms from participating, they have hindered market entry. ๐ง
Answer
์ ํด โ ์ ํดํ๋ค is the formal analytical verb for hindering.
I. ์ ์ฑ
๋ชฉํ์ ๋ฐ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
If a result opposite to the policy goal appears, it can be analyzed as a paradoxical outcome. ๐
Answer
์ญ์ค์ โ โ
The contradiction between goal and result is the key.
J. ์ข์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
A good conclusion says that institutional design should be improved more than simply increasing the scale of support. ๐งฐ
Answer
๋ณด์ โ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค means to improve by addressing weaknesses.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ โ innovation
- ๋ฐ๋ช โ invention
- ๊ฐ๋ โ concept
- ์ ์ฑ โ policy
- ์ฐ์ถ โ output
- ํจ๊ณผ โ effect
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result/outcome
- ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ โ negative impact
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์๋ํ๋ค โ to intend
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ unintended consequence
- ์๋์ ์ธ โ intentional
- ์ ์ฑ ์คํจ โ policy failure
- ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ incentive structure
- ์๊ณก โ distortion
- ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ balloon effect
- ์ฑ๊ณผ ์งํ โ performance indicator
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ง โ quality of research
- ์ โ quantity
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ โ direction of research
- ์ ์ฐจ โ procedure
- ์์ ๊ธฐ์ โ small firm
- ์ฐธ์ฌ โ participation
- ์์ฅ ์ง์ โ market entry
- ์ ํดํ๋ค โ to hinder
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ชฉํ โ policy goal
- ๋ฐ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ opposite result
- ์ญ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ paradoxical outcome
- ๊ฒฐ๋ก โ conclusion
- ์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ โ scale of support
- ์ ๋ ์ค๊ณ โ institutional design
- ๋ณด์ํ๋ค โ to supplement/improve
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol asks: Is the Korean term broad enough, formal enough, and tied to a clear mechanism?
ย
๐ Excellent work. You can now explain not only that an innovation policy produced a surprising result, but how the incentives, metrics, and implementation conditions made that result possible. That is advanced analysis with its sleeves rolled up. ๐ง โจ