๐Ÿงช

The Credibility of Scientific Consensus

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Keywords
๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ / ๊ฒ€์ฆ / ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ / ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด
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Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿงช
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿงญ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ means scientific consensus: expert agreement formed through evidence, testing, replication, and review โ€” not โ€œscientists took a vote.โ€
  • ๐Ÿ” Credibility comes from ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification), ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ (reproducibility), ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ (peer review), and openness to correction.
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Advanced Korean sounds stronger when you explain process and limits with nouns like ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ (credibility), ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity), ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence), and ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด (expert community).
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
When a term feels dense โ€” especially ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ (the credibility of scientific consensus) or ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ • (the expert communityโ€™s verification process) โ€” type it into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear the rhythm aloud.
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A scientific consensus is not a popularity contest in a lab coat. ๐Ÿฅผ In academic Korean, ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ (scientific consensus) means an expert-level agreement that has survived repeated evidence checks, criticism, replication, and revision.
The key move is to describe why the consensus deserves trust. Instead of saying ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š” (many scientists think that), advanced writing explains the process: ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ๋‹ค (credibility is secured through repeated verification and reproducibility). ๐Ÿ”ฌ
That gives your Korean more precision: you can discuss climate science ๐ŸŒ, medicine ๐Ÿ’‰, public health ๐Ÿฅ, environmental policy ๐ŸŒฑ, or technology ethics ๐Ÿค– without sounding vague or overdramatic.

๐ŸŽจ The Core Scientific Consensus Family

1. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ โ€” scientific consensus

๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ means a broad agreement among qualified experts based on accumulated evidence.
  • ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ = scientific consensus on climate change ๐ŸŒ
  • ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ = scientific consensus regarding vaccine effectiveness ๐Ÿ’‰
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค = for a scientific consensus to form
Useful nuance: ํ•ฉ์˜ (consensus) is the result; ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence) and ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification) explain why it matters.

2. ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ, ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ

These nouns are neighbors, not twins:
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ = reliability / credibility; whether a result or conclusion can be trusted ๐Ÿ”
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = validity; whether the method, logic, or conclusion is appropriate ๐Ÿงฎ
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ = objectivity; whether bias is minimized โš–๏ธ
Natural academic chunks:
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค = to increase the credibility of research results
  • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค = to examine the validity of the methodology
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค = to secure objectivity in data analysis

3. ๊ฒ€์ฆ, ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ, ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€

A consensus becomes credible when claims can be checked by others.
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ = verification or testing; checking whether a claim holds up ๐Ÿ”Ž
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ = reproducibility; whether similar results appear when the study is repeated ๐Ÿ”
  • ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ = peer review; evaluation by qualified researchers ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ”ฌ
Natural academic chunks:
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค = to verify a claim
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋‹ค = for results to be reproduced
  • ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค = to undergo peer review

4. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด

์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด (expert community) refers to the network of qualified researchers, reviewers, institutions, and professional groups that evaluate evidence.
It is not the same as blindly following authority. ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto appeal to authority,โ€ often without enough evidence. By contrast, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto refer to expert evaluationโ€ as part of evidence-based reasoning. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

5. ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ and ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ

Science is credible not because it never changes, but because it can be tested and corrected.
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ = falsifiability; whether a claim can be tested and potentially shown wrong ๐Ÿงช
  • ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ = revisability; whether a conclusion can be changed when better evidence appears ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
A strong sentence often balances trust and humility: ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (Scientific consensus is based on the best evidence so far, but it can be revised according to new evidence).

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • Scientific consensus gains credibility through repeated verification and reproducibility. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
      Notes: ํ†ตํ•ด means โ€œthrough,โ€ and ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๋‹ค means โ€œto gain credibility.โ€
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • The expert community critically reviews new claims and judges whether sufficient evidence exists. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
      Notes: ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto examine critically,โ€ not โ€œto attack.โ€
  • ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
    • The fact that a consensus can be revised shows scienceโ€™s self-correcting ability, not its weakness. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
      Notes: ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ means โ€œnot a weakness butโ€ฆ,โ€ a useful contrast frame.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

For advanced academic Korean, build credibility statements with this pattern:
  • Concept + evidence process + result
    • ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • Scientific consensus secures credibility through repeated verification.
  • Claim + limitation + balanced conclusion
    • ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • Scientific consensus has strong evidence, but it can be revised according to new data.
  • Expert process + evaluative noun
    • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
    • The expert communityโ€™s critical review increases the validity of the conclusion.
No irregular grammar trap here โ€” the challenge is choosing the right noun and pairing it with a natural academic verb. ๐ŸŽฏ

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key terms and usage patterns were cross-checked against standard Korean dictionary entries and academic usage examples from korean.go.kr, especially ํ•ฉ์˜ (consensus), ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification), ์žฌํ˜„ (reproduction), ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ (reliability), and ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity). โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ (credibility/reliability) vs. ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•จ (trustworthiness): the first is more academic; the second is more everyday.
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity) vs. ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ (appropriateness): ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ suits logic, method, and conclusion; ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ is broader and less technical.
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence/basis) vs. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence/proof): ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ often supports reasoning; ์ฆ๊ฑฐ often points to proof or data.
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด (expert community) vs. ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž (authority figure): one emphasizes collective evaluation; the other emphasizes status.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งž๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (Explain the evidence process, not just the number of people.)
  • โŒ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ = ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ โœ… ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ asks โ€œCan we trust it?โ€ while ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ asks โ€œIs the method or reasoning valid?โ€
  • โŒ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Scientific knowledge is credible because it can be corrected.)
  • โŒ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (Authority alone is not the same as evidence.)
  • โŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ง์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ๋ฉด ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. (Dense wording is not automatically better.)

๐ŸŽ‰ Scientific consensus vocabulary is your โ€œacademic credibility toolkitโ€: use it to show evidence, evaluation, limits, and nuance without turning every sentence into a fog machine. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธโžก๏ธ๐Ÿ”ฆ
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Try this exercise

Practice choosing the most precise academic word. Complete each Korean sentence, say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and reasoning.
1. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.
Scientific consensus gains credibility through repeated verification. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” The sentence needs โ€œverification/testing,โ€ the process that checks whether a claim holds up.
2. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If other research teams get the same results, reproducibility can be considered high. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” Repeated similar results point to reproducibility.
3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To see whether the method supports the conclusion, validity must be examined. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” This asks whether the method and reasoning are valid.
4. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
If the data is sufficient and the analysis is consistent, the credibility of the results increases. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” This asks whether the result can be trusted.
5. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A new claim should undergo the expert communityโ€™s critical review. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ€” This refers to the network of qualified experts who evaluate claims.
6. ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ง๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A scientific claim should be based on public evidence rather than personal intuition. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” The sentence needs โ€œevidence/basis.โ€
7. ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A testable claim presupposes falsifiability. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” A claim is scientific partly because it can be tested and potentially refuted.
8. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•ฉ์˜๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.
If new evidence appears, the existing consensus also has revisability. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” Science can revise conclusions when stronger evidence appears.
9. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ „์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค.
A paper undergoes peer review before publication and reduces the possibility of errors. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” Peer review is evaluation by other qualified researchers.
10. ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž์˜ ๋ง๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
An attitude that follows only an authority figureโ€™s statement is close to an appeal to authority. โš ๏ธ
Answer
๊ถŒ์œ„์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” In this sentence, a noun-style answer like ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„ is also natural.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ โ†’ scientific consensus
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification/testing
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ credibility/reliability
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ†’ expert community
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/basis
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ falsifiability
  • ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ revisability
  • ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ peer review
  • ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to appeal to authority
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pick the word that names the process, not just the general topic.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your academic Korean lab coat is freshly pressed. ๐Ÿฅผ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Credibility of Scientific Consensus
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Welcome to your credibility lab for ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ (scientific consensus). ๐Ÿงช Youโ€™ll practice choosing precise academic nouns, building evidence-based sentences, and avoiding the classic โ€œmany people said it, so it must be trueโ€ trap. By the end, your Korean will explain not just what experts agree on, but why that agreement deserves careful trust.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence or term aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each blank with the best Korean word or phrase, read the full Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. Focus on matching each term to its academic role: evidence, verification, reproducibility, expert review, credibility, validity, limitation, or revision.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Terms Under the Microscope ๐Ÿ”ฌ

A. ๊ธฐํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In climate research, a scientific consensus formed based on observational data and long-term analysis. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ โ€” The sentence describes expert agreement formed from evidence.
B. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
A sufficient sample and consistent analysis increase the credibility of research results. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” This is about whether the result can be trusted.
C. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the questionnaire does not fit the research purpose, the surveyโ€™s validity may decrease. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” The focus is whether the method fits the purpose.
D. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Procedures that reduce personal bias help secure objectivity in analysis. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Bias reduction points to objectivity.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Researchers must present sufficient evidence to support a claim. ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” This is the basis or evidence supporting reasoning.
F. ์ „๋ฌธ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Professional journals require peer review before publishing a paper. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” This is review by qualified peers.
G. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค.
If results repeat in other laboratories, the studyโ€™s reproducibility is strengthened. ๐Ÿงซ
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” Repeating results in other settings is reproducibility.
H. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A new hypothesis must go through a public verification process. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” The process checks whether the claim holds up.
I. ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ‹€๋ฆด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
A scientific claim must be testable as possibly wrong, so falsifiability is important. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” A scientific claim should be testable and potentially refutable.
J. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When new data accumulates, the revisability of existing conclusions must be acknowledged. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” Better evidence may require revising a conclusion.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ธฐํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ†’ climate research
  • ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ observational data
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ long-term analysis
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ โ†’ scientific consensus
  • ํ‘œ๋ณธ โ†’ sample
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ credibility/reliability
  • ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ โ†’ questionnaire
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ โ†’ bias/preconception
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/basis
  • ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ peer review
  • ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค โ†’ laboratory
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification/testing
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ falsifiability
  • ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ revisability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence asks โ€œCan we trust it?โ€ choose ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ; if it asks โ€œIs the method appropriate?โ€ choose ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Evidence Process Verbs ๐Ÿงญ

A. ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The research team collected additional data to verify the hypothesis. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” Use ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค for โ€œto verify a hypothesis.โ€
B. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If results are reproduced under similar conditions, the conclusion becomes stronger. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌํ˜„ โ€” The full verb frame is ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋‹ค.
C. ๋น„ํŒ์  ํ† ๋ก ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
Critical discussion shows the process by which consensus is formed within the expert community. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํ˜•์„ฑ โ€” Use ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค for โ€œconsensus is formed.โ€
D. ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Academic journals review papers to reduce the possibility of research errors. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” Here, ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค connects to peer review.
E. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
New evidence may refute an existing explanation. ๐Ÿงจ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• โ€” The verb frame is ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
F. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The researcher acknowledged the limits of the data and presented the conclusion carefully. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์ • โ€” Academic balance often uses ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค.
G. ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Open data allows other researchers to repeat the analysis. ๐Ÿ”“
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ณต โ€” Repeating analysis supports verification and reproducibility.
H. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts examined the validity of the methodology. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€” Use ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค for โ€œto examine validity.โ€
I. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Several research results support the same conclusion. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ โ€” Use ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค for โ€œto support a conclusion.โ€
J. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If new data appears, the theory may need to be revised. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” Scientific credibility includes the ability to revise conclusions.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€ โ†’ research team
  • ๊ฐ€์„ค โ†’ hypothesis
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to verify/test
  • ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ condition
  • ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be reproduced
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ†’ expert community
  • ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be formed
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to refute
  • ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to acknowledge
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to repeat
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to examine/review
  • ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to support
  • ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to revise
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Academic Korean often turns verbs into noun chunks: ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Credibility vs. Authority ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Accepting a claim simply because a famous scholar said it is close to an appeal to authority. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๊ถŒ์œ„์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„ โ€” Authority alone is not the same as evidence.
B. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
Scientific consensus is made not by an authority figureโ€™s order but through the expert communityโ€™s ongoing review. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ€” This emphasizes collective expert evaluation.
C. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even when referring to expert evaluation, the core of judgment should lie in evidence. ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” Evidence should anchor the judgment.
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋Š”๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.
More important than the number of experts is what verification procedure the conclusion went through. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” The procedure of testing is the key.
E. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋น„ํŒ์€ ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Public discussion and criticism can actually increase the credibility of consensus. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” Critical review can strengthen trustworthiness.
F. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„๋„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even if a researcher is famous, the methodologyโ€™s validity must be examined separately. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” Fame does not guarantee valid methods.
G. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ง๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Repeatable data is more persuasive than personal intuition. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
์ž๋ฃŒ โ€” Data that can be examined is stronger than intuition.
H. ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.
The mere fact that debate exists cannot deny the value of consensus. โš”๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ€์ • โ€” Debate does not automatically erase the value of expert consensus.
I. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The expert community can also make errors, so the possibility of revision should remain open. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” Balanced academic writing keeps revisability open.
J. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.
Strong consensus comes not from uncritical belief but from accumulated evidence. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” Accumulated evidence supports consensus.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•™์ž โ†’ famous scholar
  • ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„ โ†’ appeal-to-authority attitude
  • ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž โ†’ authority figure
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ†’ expert community
  • ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ†  โ†’ ongoing review
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ expert evaluation
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/basis
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ verification procedure
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ† ๋ก  โ†’ public discussion
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ credibility
  • ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ reputation
  • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  โ†’ methodology
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์ง๊ฐ โ†’ intuition
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ data
  • ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to deny
  • ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ revisability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Expert evaluation is useful when it points back to methods, evidence, and review โ€” not when it replaces them.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Balanced Academic Sentences โš–๏ธ

A. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Scientific consensus is based on the best evidence so far, but it can be revised according to new evidence. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” The passive frame is ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
B. ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
The fact that consensus changes shows scienceโ€™s self-correcting ability, not its weakness. ๐Ÿ”ง
Answer
์ž๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ • โ€” This phrase captures scienceโ€™s ability to correct itself.
C. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
For research results to be widely accepted, they should be reproduced by independent researchers. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
์žฌํ˜„ โ€” Use ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋‹ค for results repeated by others.
D. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Data openness makes other researchersโ€™ verification possible. ๐Ÿ”“
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” Open data allows verification.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the research design is inappropriate, the conclusionโ€™s validity also weakens. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” Design problems damage validity.
F. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If the sample is small and biased, the resultโ€™s credibility should be viewed cautiously. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” Small biased samples weaken reliability.
G. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
If some counterexamples are presented, the existing theory becomes a target of refutation. ๐Ÿงจ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• โ€” Counterexamples can become grounds for refutation.
H. ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์• ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค.
Peer review cannot completely remove errors, but it is a mechanism that increases research credibility. ๐Ÿงฐ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” Peer review is a credibility-strengthening mechanism, not a magic wand.
I. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Scientific consensus is closer to an accumulation of testable evidence than a fixed truth. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” The sentence emphasizes accumulated evidence.
J. ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The strength of a claim depends more on the validity of data and logic than the speakerโ€™s status. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” The sentence evaluates whether the data and logic are valid.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ best evidence
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised
  • ์ž๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ • โ†’ self-correction
  • ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to be widely accepted
  • ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž โ†’ independent researcher
  • ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be reproduced
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœ์„ฑ โ†’ openness
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ โ†’ research design
  • ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be inappropriate
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ํ‘œ๋ณธ โ†’ sample
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be biased
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ credibility/reliability
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ก€ โ†’ counterexample
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• โ†’ refutation
  • ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ peer review
  • ์ง€์œ„ โ†’ status
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Strong academic sentences often combine trust with caution: โ€œcredible, but revisable.โ€
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งž๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
The expression โ€œIt is right because many scientists said itโ€ creates the problem of relying on authority rather than evidence. โš ๏ธ
Answer
๊ถŒ์œ„ โ€” โŒ Counting authority figures โ†’ โœ… Explain evidence and verification.
B. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.
Saying scientific consensus never changes ignores the possibility of revision. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” โŒ โ€œConsensus never changesโ€ โ†’ โœ… โ€œConsensus can be revised when better evidence appears.โ€
C. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Asking whether the research method is appropriate is closer to validity than credibility. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” โŒ Mixing ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ and ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ โœ… Method fit = validity.
D. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋ง์€ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Asking whether results can be trusted is closer to credibility than validity. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” โŒ Method validity and result credibility are not the same question.
E. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The quality of the same results repeating under other conditions is reproducibility. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” โŒ One successful result is not enough โ†’ โœ… Repeated results strengthen trust.
F. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์‹œํ—˜์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If a new claim cannot even be tested, it can be seen as lacking falsifiability. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” โŒ Untestable certainty โ†’ โœ… Scientific claims should be testable.
G. ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.
Rather than stuffing in many difficult conceptual words, choosing precise terminology is better. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
๊ฐœ๋…์–ด โ€” โŒ Dense vocabulary fog โ†’ โœ… Precise term choice.
H. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The expert communityโ€™s review is more systematic than personal intuition. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
์ง๊ฐ โ€” โŒ Personal hunch โ†’ โœ… Systematic evaluation.
I. ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Open data and repeated verification strengthen the credibility of consensus. ๐Ÿ”“
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” โŒ โ€œJust trust itโ€ โ†’ โœ… Show what makes it trustworthy.
J. ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Scientific consensus is not a simple majority opinion but an accumulation of verified evidence. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” โŒ Majority opinion โ†’ โœ… Accumulated verified evidence.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ถŒ์œ„ โ†’ authority
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/basis
  • ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ revisability
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• โ†’ research method
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ credibility/reliability
  • ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ condition
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be testable
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ falsifiability
  • ๊ฐœ๋…์–ด โ†’ conceptual term
  • ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be precise/accurate
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ†’ expert community
  • ์ง๊ฐ โ†’ intuition
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ open data
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ repeated verification
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก The final checkpoint: replace vague โ€œpeople believe itโ€ logic with evidence, testing, reproducibility, and expert review.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Youโ€™ve completed the full credibility circuit: ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification), ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ (reproducibility), ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ (credibility), and ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ (revisability). Your academic Korean now has a microscope, a safety rail, and a tiny but very serious lab clipboard. ๐Ÿ”ฌ๐Ÿ“‹