๐Ÿ›๏ธ

The Efficacy of Collaborative Governance

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ / ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ / ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ / ์„ฑ๊ณผ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿค ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ means โ€œwhether collaborative governance actually produces results,โ€ not just โ€œpeople cooperated nicely.โ€
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ The core vocabulary family connects ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ, ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„, ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด, ์„ฑ๊ณผ, and ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ into one academic policy argument.
  • ๐Ÿ“Š Strong advanced Korean explains the mechanism: who participates, how responsibility is shared, how conflicts are adjusted, and how outcomes are evaluated.
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear it read aloud. For this topic, listen especially for smooth noun phrases like ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค (collaborative governance), ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ (shared responsibility), and ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„ (performance evaluation system). ๐Ÿ”Š
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค means a governance model where multiple actors โ€” government, civic groups, private organizations, experts, and residents โ€” solve public problems together. It is more formal than โ€œteamworkโ€ and more policy-focused than everyday โ€œcooperation.โ€ ๐Ÿค
The lesson keyword ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ means practical effectiveness: whether a policy, system, or agreement actually works in the real world. So ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ asks: โ€œDoes collaboration create measurable public value, or does it remain a pretty slogan wearing a policy blazer?โ€ ๐Ÿงฅ
In advanced writing, this theme is useful because it lets you connect abstract nouns with precise verbs: ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค (to build a partnership), ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค (to share responsibility), ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค (to create results), and ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค (to strengthen accountability). ๐Ÿง 

๐ŸŽจ The Core Collaborative Governance Family

1. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค โ€” collaborative governance ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  means โ€œcollaborative,โ€ and ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค means โ€œgovernance.โ€ Together, ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค refers to a decision-making and problem-solving structure based on participation by multiple actors.
Useful collocations:
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build collaborative governance
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen collaborative governance
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to establish a collaborative governance system
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ collaborative governance functions / works

2. ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ€” practical effectiveness ๐Ÿ“Š

์‹คํšจ์„ฑ is not just โ€œeffect.โ€ It means effectiveness that can be seen or confirmed in practice.
Useful collocations:
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be practically effective
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค โ†’ to have low practical effectiveness
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure practical effectiveness
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to increase effectiveness
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฑ… โ†’ an effective measure

3. ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ€” partnership ๐Ÿค

ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ can mean partnership, but in policy Korean it often implies a sustained, structured relationship with shared goals.
Useful collocations:
  • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build a partnership
  • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen a partnership
  • ๊ณต๊ณต-๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ†’ public-private partnership
  • ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ†’ partnership based on mutual trust

4. ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ and ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ€” shared responsibility and accountability โš–๏ธ

๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ means shared responsibility: more than โ€œwe all helped,โ€ it means each actor is accountable for part of the result. ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ means accountability, especially the duty to explain actions and accept responsibility.
Useful collocations:
  • ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to bear shared responsibility
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to share / divide responsibility
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to clarify where responsibility lies
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen accountability

5. ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ€” outcome / performance ๐Ÿงพ

์„ฑ๊ณผ means outcomes, results, or performance. In formal writing, it often appears with measurement and evaluation.
Useful collocations:
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to create results
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to measure results
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate results
  • ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ visible results
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ long-term outcomes

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ถ„๋‹ด์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • The effectiveness of collaborative governance depends on trust among participants and division of responsibility. ๐Ÿงฉ
      Note: ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด means participating actor, and -์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค means โ€œdepends on.โ€
  • ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • If the government and civic groups build a partnership, the flexibility of policy implementation can increase. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
      Note: ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ–‰ means policy implementation, and ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ means flexibility.
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ํ˜•์‹์  ๋…ผ์˜์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • A performance evaluation system must be established so cooperation does not stop at a formal discussion. ๐Ÿ“‹
      Note: ํ˜•์‹์  ๋…ผ์˜์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋‹ค means โ€œto remain only a formal discussion.โ€

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

For this advanced vocabulary topic, the โ€œformationโ€ is mainly academic noun phrase + precise verb.
  • A์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ the practical effectiveness of A
    • Example: ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ (the practical effectiveness of a policy)
  • A๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build / establish A
    • Example: ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค (to build a partnership)
  • A๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to share / divide A
    • Example: ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค (to share responsibility)
  • A๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to create / generate A
    • Example: ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค (to create results)
  • A๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate A
    • Example: ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค (to evaluate outcomes)
There is no special irregular conjugation here, but there is a register rule: these nouns sound natural with formal verbs like ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค (to build), ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค (to secure), ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค (to strengthen), ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค (to coordinate/adjust), and ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค (to evaluate). ๐Ÿงฐ

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key vocabulary and usage patterns were checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr, including public-language and terminology references for formal Korean usage. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ โ†’ cooperation; general and broad.
  • ํ˜‘์—… โ†’ collaboration; often used for practical work-sharing.
  • ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค โ†’ governance; formal, policy-oriented, and often used for multi-actor decision-making.
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ practical effectiveness; emphasizes whether something works.
  • ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ effect; broader and less policy-specific.
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ outcome/performance; often evaluated or measured.
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result; more neutral and everyday.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค. (Cooperation is a method, not effectiveness itself.)
  • โŒ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (Explain what kind of partnership and what it does.)
  • โŒ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (Use precise academic collocations.)
  • โŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. (Use ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค for shared responsibility in formal writing.)
  • โŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (Formal policy writing prefers ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜๋‹ค.)

๐ŸŽ‰ You now have the policy-word toolkit to discuss collaboration with grown-up Korean precision: not just โ€œeveryone worked together,โ€ but โ€œactors built a system, shared responsibility, and created measurable outcomes.โ€ Very blazer. Very clipboard. Very powerful. ๐Ÿ“Ž
ย 

Try this exercise

Practice choosing the strongest academic collocation. Complete each Korean sentence, read the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check why the expression fits.
1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The local government built a partnership with civic groups. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค is the natural formal collocation for building a partnership.
2. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
They prepared performance indicators to increase the policyโ€™s effectiveness. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๋†’์ด๊ธฐ โ€” ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค means to increase practical effectiveness.
3. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Participating organizations must share responsibility. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•ด์•ผ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค is the formal expression for dividing or sharing responsibility.
4. ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Standards are needed to evaluate outcomes objectively. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  โ€” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to evaluate outcomes.
5. ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If interests cannot be coordinated, cooperation is hard to sustain. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ โ€” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to coordinate conflicting interests.
6. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The cooperation process must be transparent for accountability to be strengthened. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means accountability is strengthened.
7. ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด์€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Clear division of roles helps reduce conflict. ๐Ÿ•Š๏ธ
Answer
์ค„์ด๋Š” โ€” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๋‹ค means to reduce conflict.
8. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ํ˜•์‹์— ๊ทธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If a performance evaluation system is absent, cooperation may remain merely formal. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์—†์œผ๋ฉด โ€” This creates a condition: โ€œif there is no evaluation system.โ€
9. ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Mutual trust forms the basis of collaborative governance. ๐ŸŒ‰
Answer
ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค โ€” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค means to form a foundation.
10. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
An evaluation system is needed so cooperation leads to substantive outcomes. ๐Ÿ
Answer
์ด์–ด์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด โ€” A๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lead to A; -๋ ค๋ฉด means โ€œif it is to.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ โ†’ local government
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด โ†’ civic group
  • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ†’ partnership
  • ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build / establish
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ practical effectiveness
  • ๋†’์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ โ†’ performance indicator
  • ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ shared responsibility
  • ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to share / divide
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate
  • ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ interests
  • ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to coordinate / adjust
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be strengthened
  • ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ โ†’ conflict
  • ์ค„์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce
  • ํ˜•์‹ โ†’ formality
  • ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ mutual trust
  • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ โ†’ foundation
  • ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to form
  • ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to lead to
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Advanced policy Korean loves noun + precise formal verb pairs.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these vocabulary pairs into full academic sentence reflexes. Clipboards ready. ๐Ÿ“‹
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Efficacy of Collaborative Governance
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Welcome to your collaborative governance command center. ๐Ÿค This Practice Hub helps you turn abstract policy vocabulary into precise Korean sentences about partnerships, shared responsibility, accountability, and measurable outcomes. By the end, youโ€™ll sound less like โ€œcooperation is goodโ€ and more like โ€œinstitutional mechanisms must produce accountable results.โ€ Tiny academic fireworks. ๐ŸŽ†
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence from this lesson.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural Korean expression, say the full sentence aloud, then check the Answer toggle. Focus on matching abstract nouns with formal verbs.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Governance Collocations ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The local government established a collaborative governance system with resident representatives. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค means to establish or prepare a system.
B. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The public institution built a long-term partnership with private companies. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค is the standard formal collocation.
C. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Trust among participants forms the foundation of cooperation. ๐ŸŒ‰
Answer
ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค โ€” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค means to form a foundation.
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฌธ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Expert consultation strengthened the transparency of decision-making. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen transparency.
E. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Civic participation can secure the legitimacy of the policy process. ๐Ÿ—ณ๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณดํ•  โ€” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure legitimacy.
F. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Several institutions solved the local problem jointly. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to solve a problem.
G. ํ˜‘์˜์ฒด๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The consultative body continuously coordinated interests. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to coordinate interests.
H. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด ์›์น™์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Participating institutions clarified the principle of role division. ๐Ÿ“Œ
Answer
๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ์›์น™์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to clarify a principle.
I. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Collaborative governance can respond flexibly to complex social problems. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ€” ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค means to respond flexibly.
J. ๊ณต๋™ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Without a shared goal, the cooperation structure is unlikely to function properly. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ โ€” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค means a structure functions.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ โ†’ local government
  • ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ โ†’ resident representative
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ collaborative governance system
  • ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to establish / prepare
  • ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ public institution
  • ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ private company
  • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ†’ partnership
  • ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด โ†’ participating actor
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ trust
  • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ โ†’ foundation
  • ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to form
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฌธ โ†’ expert consultation
  • ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • โ†’ decision-making
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ โ†’ civic participation
  • ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ legitimacy
  • ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure
  • ๋ฌธ์ œ โ†’ problem
  • ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to solve
  • ํ˜‘์˜์ฒด โ†’ consultative body
  • ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ interests
  • ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to coordinate
  • ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด โ†’ division of roles
  • ์›์น™ โ†’ principle
  • ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to clarify
  • ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ โ†’ complex social problem
  • ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ†’ flexibly
  • ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to respond
  • ๊ณต๋™ ๋ชฉํ‘œ โ†’ shared goal
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ cooperation structure
  • ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to function
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pair governance nouns with verbs that show institution-building: ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค, ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Effectiveness and Outcomes ๐Ÿ“Š

A. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฅ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Field opinions were reflected to increase the policyโ€™s effectiveness. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋†’์ด๊ธฐ โ€” ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค means to increase practical effectiveness.
B. ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ํšŒ์˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
It is difficult to create visible results through merely formal meetings. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ โ€” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค means to create results.
C. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด๋‹ค.
Performance indicators are standards for objectively measuring cooperation results. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to measure results.
D. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If evaluation standards are vague, it is hard to evaluate policy performance accurately. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ โ€” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to evaluate outcomes.
E. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ด€์ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
A perspective that considers long-term outcomes more than short-term results is needed. ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค means to consider outcomes.
F. ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
An effective measure must accurately identify the cause of a problem. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ โ€” ์›์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค means to identify a cause.
G. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The outcomes of the cooperation process must be reviewed regularly. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
์ ๊ฒ€ํ•ด์•ผ โ€” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review or check outcomes.
H. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Expanded participation does not always lead to substantive effects. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” โ€” ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lead to effects.
I. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If a performance management system is insufficient, collaborationโ€™s effectiveness may decrease. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ โ€” ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค means effectiveness decreases.
J. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณด์™„์ฑ…์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
Policy improvements begin with diagnosing the limits of the existing system. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค means to diagnose limitations.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ policy
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ practical effectiveness
  • ๋†’์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ํ˜„์žฅ ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ field opinion
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reflect
  • ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ํšŒ์˜ โ†’ formal meeting
  • ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ visible result
  • ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to create
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ โ†’ performance indicator
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result
  • ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to measure
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ evaluation standard
  • ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be vague
  • ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ โ†’ accurately
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate
  • ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ short-term outcome
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ long-term outcome
  • ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฑ… โ†’ effective measure
  • ์›์ธ โ†’ cause
  • ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to identify
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ cooperation process
  • ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ regularly
  • ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to review / check
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ™•๋Œ€ โ†’ expansion of participation
  • ์‹ค์งˆ์  ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ substantive effect
  • ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to lead to
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ performance management system
  • ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be insufficient
  • ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to decrease
  • ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณด์™„์ฑ… โ†’ policy improvement measure
  • ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„ โ†’ existing system
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to diagnose
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ is proven through ์„ฑ๊ณผ, not through nice intentions.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Responsibility and Accountability โš–๏ธ

A. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ์ž„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Participating institutions must engage in cooperation while bearing shared responsibility. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ง€๊ณ  โ€” ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๋‹ค means to bear shared responsibility.
B. ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The more complex the work is, the more clearly responsibility must be divided. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•ด์•ผ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค means to share responsibility.
C. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
If responsibility is unclear, conflict is likely to arise. โšก
Answer
๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ โ€” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค means conflict occurs.
D. ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค.
Transparent information disclosure is a key condition for strengthening accountability. ๐ŸชŸ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen accountability.
E. ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A monitoring system is needed to encourage responsible action by participants. ๐Ÿ‘€
Answer
์œ ๋„ํ•  โ€” ํ–‰๋™์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to induce or encourage action.
F. ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Shared responsibility should be designed so it does not concentrate burden on one institution. ๐Ÿ‹๏ธ
Answer
์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ โ€” ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to concentrate burden.
G. ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด ํ–‰์ • ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If roles overlap, administrative costs can increase. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  โ€” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means costs increase.
H. ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์กฐ์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
A dispute mediation procedure helps prevent accountability gaps. ๐Ÿงฏ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to prevent a gap.
I. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Publishing evaluation results can improve trust in the system. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋‹ค means trust improves.
J. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ์„ ์–ธ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
Without responsible participation, cooperation can easily remain a declaration. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
๊ทธ์น˜๊ธฐ โ€” ์„ ์–ธ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋‹ค means to stop at a declaration.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ participating institution
  • ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ shared responsibility
  • ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to bear / carry
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ โ†’ cooperation
  • ์ž„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to engage in / approach
  • ์—…๋ฌด โ†’ work / task
  • ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be complex
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ responsibility
  • ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to share / divide
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ โ†’ where responsibility lies
  • ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be unclear
  • ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ โ†’ conflict
  • ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to occur
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ†’ transparent information disclosure
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ monitoring system
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž โ†’ participant
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ โ†’ responsible action
  • ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to encourage / induce
  • ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ specific institution
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ burden
  • ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to concentrate
  • ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be designed
  • ์—ญํ•  โ†’ role
  • ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to overlap
  • ํ–‰์ • ๋น„์šฉ โ†’ administrative cost
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์กฐ์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ dispute mediation procedure
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ โ†’ accountability gap
  • ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ evaluation result
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to disclose
  • ์ œ๋„ โ†’ system
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ trust
  • ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ์„ ์–ธ โ†’ declaration
  • ๊ทธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to stop at / remain at
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ must be paired with clear role division; otherwise it becomes everyoneโ€™s job and no oneโ€™s job.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Academic Argument Frames ๐Ÿง 

A. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The effectiveness of collaborative governance depends on trust among participants. ๐ŸŒ‰
Answer
๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค โ€” A์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค means to depend on A.
B. ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A partnership must be built based on mutual trust. ๐Ÿค
Answer
๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ โ€” A๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ Bํ•˜๋‹ค means to do B based on A.
C. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ํ˜•์‹์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Cooperation must go beyond formal discussion and lead to substantive outcomes. ๐Ÿš€
Answer
๋„˜์–ด โ€” A๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด B๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to go beyond A and lead to B.
D. ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When role division is clear, the efficiency of policy implementation can improve. โš™๏ธ
Answer
๋†’์•„์งˆ โ€” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋‹ค means efficiency improves.
E. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋  ๋•Œ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When a performance evaluation system is established, practical effectiveness can be secured. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณดํ•  โ€” ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure practical effectiveness.
F. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The mere participation of many actors does not guarantee outcomes. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿคโ€๐Ÿง‘
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” โ€” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋‹ค means outcomes are guaranteed.
G. ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If institutional mechanisms are insufficient, cooperation is unlikely to secure sustainability. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ โ€” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure sustainability.
H. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์„ฑํŒจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด๋‹ค.
The ability to coordinate conflict is an important factor that determines the success or failure of governance. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ์„ฑํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to determine success or failure.
I. ๊ณต๋ก ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
The public deliberation process becomes a channel for reflecting citizensโ€™ opinions in policy. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” โ€” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to reflect opinions in policy.
J. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ๋ณด์™„์ฑ…์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Only by analyzing the limits of the cooperation structure can improvement measures be prepared. ๐Ÿ”ง
Answer
๋งˆ๋ จํ•  โ€” ๋ณด์™„์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค means to prepare improvement measures.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ effectiveness of collaborative governance
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด โ†’ participating actor
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ trust
  • ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to depend on
  • ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ mutual trust
  • ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ โ†’ based on
  • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ†’ partnership
  • ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ โ†’ cooperation
  • ํ˜•์‹์  ๋…ผ์˜ โ†’ formal discussion
  • ๋„˜๋‹ค โ†’ to go beyond
  • ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ substantive outcome
  • ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to lead to
  • ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด โ†’ division of roles
  • ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be clear
  • ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ–‰ โ†’ policy implementation
  • ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ efficiency
  • ๋†’์•„์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to improve / rise
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ performance evaluation system
  • ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be established
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ practical effectiveness
  • ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure
  • ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด โ†’ diverse actors
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to participate
  • ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be guaranteed
  • ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ institutional mechanism
  • ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be insufficient
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ sustainability
  • ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ conflict coordination ability
  • ์„ฑํŒจ โ†’ success or failure
  • ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to determine
  • ๊ณต๋ก ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ public deliberation process
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ citizensโ€™ opinions
  • ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ policy
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reflect
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ cooperation structure
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to analyze
  • ๋ณด์™„์ฑ… โ†’ improvement measure
  • ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prepare
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก These frames turn vocabulary into argument: dependency, basis, contrast, condition, and outcome.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์ง€ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Cooperation is a means of increasing effectiveness, not effectiveness itself. ๐Ÿงฐ
Answer
์ˆ˜๋‹จ โ€” โŒ Do not equate ํ˜‘๋ ฅ with ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ. โœ… Call cooperation a ์ˆ˜๋‹จ (means).
B. โ€œํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์ด ์ข‹๋‹คโ€๋ณด๋‹ค โ€œํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟโ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
โ€œBuild a partnershipโ€ is more academic than โ€œthe partnership is good.โ€ ๐Ÿค
Answer
๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” โŒ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค is vague. โœ… Use the collocation ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
C. โ€œ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹คโ€ ๋Œ€์‹  โ€œ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋ฉด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Instead of โ€œresults are good,โ€ โ€œcreate visible resultsโ€ is more precise. ๐Ÿ‘€
Answer
์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” โŒ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค is flat. โœ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค is formal and specific.
D. ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Shared responsibility is effective when where responsibility lies is clarified. ๐Ÿ“Œ
Answer
๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ โ€” โŒ Shared responsibility without clarity becomes blurry. โœ… ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค.
E. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์„ ์–ธ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
An evaluation system is needed so cooperation does not remain only a declaration. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ โ€” โŒ Cooperation can become ceremonial. โœ… ์„ ์–ธ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค means it does not stop at a declaration.
F. ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ โ€œ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹คโ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฒฉ์‹ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œA governance system was establishedโ€ is more formal than โ€œgovernance appeared.โ€ ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค โ€” โŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค is too casual here. โœ… ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค sounds formal.
G. ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ ์กฐ์ • ์—†์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋งŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If participation expands without interest coordination, conflict may increase. โšก
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  โ€” โŒ More participants do not automatically mean better results. โœ… Coordination matters.
H. ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์€ ์˜๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Effectiveness should be judged by actual outcomes rather than intentions. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ โ€” โŒ Good intentions are not proof. โœ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค means to judge by outcomes.
I. ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To strengthen accountability, evaluation results must be disclosed and procedures improved. ๐ŸชŸ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ โ€” โŒ Accountability is not just a slogan. โœ… Disclosure plus procedural improvement strengthens it.
J. ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ฑ…์ž„, ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The core of collaborative governance lies in connecting participation, responsibility, and outcomes into one system. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” โ€” โœ… This captures the whole lesson: participation must connect to responsibility and outcomes.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ˜‘๋ ฅ โ†’ cooperation
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ practical effectiveness
  • ๋†’์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ์ˆ˜๋‹จ โ†’ means / method
  • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ โ†’ partnership
  • ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to build
  • ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ outcome / performance
  • ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ visible result
  • ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to create
  • ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ shared responsibility
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ โ†’ where responsibility lies
  • ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to clarify
  • ์„ ์–ธ โ†’ declaration
  • ๊ทธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to remain at / stop at
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ evaluation system
  • ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ governance system
  • ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be established
  • ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ ์กฐ์ • โ†’ interest coordination
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ โ†’ participation
  • ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to expand
  • ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ โ†’ conflict
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ์˜๋„ โ†’ intention
  • ์‹ค์ œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ actual outcome
  • ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to judge
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™” โ†’ strengthening accountability
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ evaluation result
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to disclose
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ procedure
  • ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ โ†’ core
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ responsibility
  • ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ system
  • ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to connect
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: avoid vague praise; show mechanism, responsibility, and measurable outcome.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now discuss ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ with advanced vocabulary, clear policy logic, and enough accountability to make a committee chair nod thoughtfully. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ