TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งฌ ์์ ์ํ means clinical trial: a formal research process that tests safety and effectiveness in people.
- ๐ก๏ธ ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ means participant protection, and it is the ethical center of this topic.
- โ Advanced Korean sounds natural when you pair nouns with formal verbs: ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (verify safety), ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ค (obtain informed consent), ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ ์์ ๋คํ๋ค (fulfill research responsibility).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear expressions like ์์ ์ํ (clinical trial), ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ (participant protection), ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ (safety verification), and ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ (ethics review). Ethics vocabulary becomes much easier when the noun chunks feel familiar in your ear. ๐ง
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๐ The Big Picture
A clinical trial is not just โa medical test.โ It is a research process involving human participants, so the vocabulary naturally combines science, law, ethics, and responsibility. The key question is: Can medical progress be pursued without violating participantsโ rights and safety? โ๏ธ
In Korean, clinical-trial ethics is often expressed through formal noun phrases: ์์ ์ํ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ (ethics of clinical trials), ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ (participant protection), ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ (safety verification), ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์ (research responsibility), ์ฌ์ ๋์ (informed consent), and ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ (ethics review). ๐งช
This lesson focuses on advanced vocabulary for explaining why clinical trials are necessary, what risks participants may face, what protections must exist, and how researchers should fulfill ethical responsibility. The goal is not to debate medicine in general; the goal is precise ethical language. ๐ก๏ธ
๐จ The Core Clinical-Trial Ethics Family
- ์์ ์ํ โ clinical trial. A formal study that tests the safety or effectiveness of a medicine, treatment, or medical device in people. Natural phrase: ์์ ์ํ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค (to conduct a clinical trial). ๐งช
- ํผํ์ โ research participant / subject. A person who participates in a study. Natural phrase: ํผํ์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค (to protect participantsโ rights). ๐ก๏ธ
- ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ โ participant protection. Ethical safeguards for participantsโ safety, rights, privacy, and ability to withdraw. Natural phrase: ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ค (to prioritize participant protection). โ
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification. The process of checking whether a treatment or product is safe enough. Natural phrase: ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (to sufficiently verify safety). ๐
- ์ฌ์ ๋์ โ informed consent. Consent given after receiving enough explanation about purpose, risks, benefits, and rights. Natural phrase: ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ค (to obtain informed consent). โ๏ธ
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ ์ โ research responsibility. The researcherโs duty to design, explain, monitor, report, and protect ethically. Natural phrase: ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ ์์ ๋คํ๋ค (to fulfill research responsibility). ๐งญ
- ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ โ ethics review. A review process that checks whether a study is ethically acceptable before or during research. Natural phrase: ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค (to undergo ethics review). ๐๏ธ
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์์ ์ํ์ ์ ์ฝ์ ์ ํจ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค.
(A clinical trial is a procedure for verifying the effectiveness and safety of a new drug.) ๐
Notes: ์ ์ฝ = new drug, ์ ํจ์ฑ = effectiveness/efficacy, ์ ์ฐจ = procedure.
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ํผํ์์๊ฒ ์์๋๋ ์ํ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช ํ ๋ค ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค.
(Researchers must obtain informed consent after sufficiently explaining expected risks and benefits to participants.) โ๏ธ
Notes: ์์๋๋ ์ํ = expected risk, ์ด์ต = benefit, ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค = to explain sufficiently.
- ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉด ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(If ethics review is conducted only formally, participant protection may be weakened.) โ ๏ธ
Notes: ํ์์ ์ผ๋ก = superficially/formally only, ์ฝํ๋๋ค = to be weakened.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For this topic, the useful formation is ethical noun + responsibility verb:
- ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค = to verify safety
Example: ์๋ก์ด ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (to verify the safety of a new treatment). ๐
- ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ค = to obtain informed consent
Example: ํผํ์์๊ฒ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
ํ ๋ค ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ค (to obtain informed consent after sufficiently explaining to the participant). โ๏ธ
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํดํ๋ค/๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค = to violate / guarantee rights
Example: ํผํ์์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ถ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค (to guarantee participantsโ right to self-determination). ๐ก๏ธ
- ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค = to undergo ethics review
Example: ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณํ์ด ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค (the research plan undergoes ethics review). ๐๏ธ
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ ์์ ๋คํ๋ค = to fulfill research responsibility
Example: ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ฆ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์์ ๋คํ๋ค (to fulfill research responsibility by immediately reporting side effects). ๐งญ
No irregular conjugation is the main issue here. The challenge is choosing verbs that match formal ethics vocabulary: ์ฐ์ ํ๋ค (prioritize), ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค (guarantee), ์นจํดํ๋ค (violate), ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค (review), ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค (report).
๐ Cross-check note
Key terms and usage patterns were cross-checked against korean.go.kr resources and standard public/medical usage, including ์์ ์ํ (clinical trial), ์์ ์ฑ (safety as a quality), ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification), ๋ณดํธ (protection), ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์ (research responsibility), and public-language guidance around clear specialist terminology. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์์ ์ํ (clinical trial) vs. ์คํ (experiment): ์์ ์ํ is specifically tied to human health-related research; ์คํ is broader. ๐งช
- ํผํ์ (research participant/subject) vs. ํ์ (patient): ํผํ์ is research-focused; ํ์ is care-focused. A person can be both, but the words highlight different roles. ๐ฅ
- ์์ ์ฑ (safety quality) vs. ์์ (general safety): ์์ ์ฑ is often used when evaluating drugs, treatments, systems, or products. ๐
- ์ฌ์ ๋์ (informed consent) vs. ํ๋ฝ (permission): ์ฌ์ ๋์ implies enough explanation before agreement; ํ๋ฝ is more general. โ๏ธ
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ Using ์์ ์ํ for any science experiment โ โ Use it for human health-related testing or research.
- โ Treating ์ฌ์ ๋์ as just a signature โ โ It should include explanation of purpose, risk, benefit, privacy, and the right to withdraw.
- โ Saying ํผํ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค in a neutral description โ โ Prefer ํผํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค (to conduct research with participants as subjects) unless you truly mean exploitation.
- โ Only saying โdangerousโ โ โ Name specific risks: ๋ถ์์ฉ (side effects), ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ์ ์ถ (personal information leakage), ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ์นจํด (rights violation), ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ด (economic burden).
- โ Praising medical progress without safeguards โ โ Add ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ, ์ฌ์ ๋์, ์ค๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค, ํผํด ๋ณด์, and ๋ถ์์ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ.
Ethical clinical trials are built on a careful balance: medical progress matters, but participants are not tools. In advanced Korean, that balance lives in words like ๋ณดํธ, ์ฑ
์, ๋์, and ๊ฒ์ฆ. ๐งฌโจ
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Try this exercise
Complete each sentence with the most natural word or phrase from this lesson. Say the completed sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. ๐งญ
1. ์ฌ๋์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฝ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๋ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The procedure that checks a new drugโs effectiveness and safety in people is called a clinical trial. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์์ ์ํ means clinical trial.
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ํผํ์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Researchers must protect participantsโ rights and safety. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค means to protect.
3. ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๋์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
Agreement after receiving enough explanation is called informed consent. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋์ โ ์ฌ์ ๋์ means informed consent.
4. ์ ์ฝ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ํ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If the safety of a new drug is not sufficiently verified, risk may increase. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค means to verify safety.
5. ์ค๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น์ง ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
Research that has not undergone ethics review is unlikely to gain legitimacy. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ์ฌ โ ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ means ethics review.
6. ์์์น ๋ชปํ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ฉด ์ฆ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If an unexpected side effect occurs, it must be reported immediately. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด๊ณ โ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค means to report.
7. ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๋ ์๊ฒฉํ ๋ณดํธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Research involving vulnerable groups needs stricter safeguards. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ฅ์น โ ๋ณดํธ ์ฅ์น means safeguard.
8. ํผํ์๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
Participants have the right to withdraw from research midway. ๐ช
Answer
์ฒ ํ โ ์ฒ ํํ๋ค means to withdraw.
9. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์์ ์๋ฃ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํต์ฌ ์์น์ด๋ค.
Personal information protection is a core principle of managing clinical data. ๐
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ means personal information protection.
10. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์์ ๋คํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ํ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ ๊ท ํ ์๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To fulfill research responsibility, risks and benefits must be reviewed in a balanced way. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒํ โ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค means to review.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ ์ํ โ clinical trial
- ์ ์ฝ โ new drug
- ํจ๊ณผ โ effect
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety quality
- ํผํ์ โ research participant
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ โ right
- ์ฌ์ ๋์ โ informed consent
- ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify
- ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ โ ethics review
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค โ to report
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable group
- ๋ณดํธ ์ฅ์น โ safeguard
- ์ฒ ํํ๋ค โ to withdraw
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ โ personal information protection
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to review
Tip ๐ก For this topic, memorize โethics pairsโ: ์ฌ์ ๋์ + ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
, ์์ ์ฑ + ๊ฒ์ฆ, ๋ถ์์ฉ + ๋ณด๊ณ .
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your clinical-trial ethics vocabulary is officially out of the waiting room. ๐งช
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Ethics of Clinical Trials
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Welcome to the ethics review room, where vocabulary wears a lab coat and every sentence asks, โDid we protect the participant?โ ๐ฅผ Youโll practice clinical-trial terms, participant rights, safety verification, informed consent, researcher responsibility, and balanced ethical judgment. โ๏ธ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever phrases like ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ค, ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค, or ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค need a pronunciation check.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best Korean word or phrase. Decide whether the sentence is about research process, participant protection, safety, consent, responsibility, or ethical balance. Say the completed sentence aloud, then check the Answer toggle. ๐งญ
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Exercise 1 โ Core Clinical-Trial Terms ๐งช
A. ์์ ์ํ์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ์ธํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค.
A clinical trial is research that checks a treatmentโs effect and safety in people. ๐ฅ
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฑ is a natural pair in clinical-trial contexts.
B. ์ ์ฝ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์
์ฆ๋์ด์ผ ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์งํํ ์ ์๋ค.
The effectiveness of a new drug must be proven before the approval process can proceed. ๐
Answer
์ ํจ์ฑ โ ์ ํจ์ฑ means effectiveness or efficacy.
C. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
A person who participates in research is formally called a research participant. ๐ค
Answer
ํผํ์ โ ํผํ์ is formal research vocabulary.
D. ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํด ์น๋ฃ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๋ค.
The treatment effect is judged by comparing the control group and the experimental group. ๐
Answer
์คํ๊ตฐ โ ์คํ๊ตฐ means experimental group.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณํ์ ์์ ์ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค.
The research plan must receive approval from an ethics committee before starting. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์น์ธ โ ์น์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ค means to receive approval.
F. ์ฝ์ ์์์น ๋ชปํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ํ๋๋ฉด ์ฆ์ ๋์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If an unexpected side effect of a medicine appears, it must be addressed immediately. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ ๋ถ์์ฉ means side effect.
G. ์์ ์๋ฃ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Clinical data must be managed according to personal information protection principles. ๐
Answer
๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ค means to be managed.
H. ์ํ ์ค๋จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ช
ํํด์ผ ์ํ ์ํฉ์ ์ ์ํ ๋์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Stopping criteria must be clear so that risk situations can be handled quickly. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ์ค๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค means stopping criteria.
I. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณต์ต์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋๋ผ๋ ํผํ์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
Even if research has great public value, participantsโ rights must not be violated. ๐ซ
Answer
์นจํด โ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํดํ๋ค means to violate rights.
J. ํผํด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ จํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
A compensation procedure for harm must also be prepared in advance. ๐ต
Answer
๋ณด์ โ ํผํด ๋ณด์ means compensation for harm.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ ์ํ โ clinical trial
- ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ โ treatment method
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety quality
- ์ ํจ์ฑ โ effectiveness/efficacy
- ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ โ approval process
- ํผํ์ โ research participant
- ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ โ control group
- ์คํ๊ตฐ โ experimental group
- ์ค๋ฆฌ์์ํ โ ethics committee
- ์น์ธ โ approval
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ์์ ์๋ฃ โ clinical data
- ์ค๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค โ stopping criteria
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํดํ๋ค โ to violate rights
- ํผํด ๋ณด์ โ compensation for harm
Tip ๐ก Clinical-trial vocabulary often comes in pairs: ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ/์คํ๊ตฐ, ์ ํจ์ฑ/์์ ์ฑ, ์ํ/์ด์ต.
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Exercise 2 โ Participant Protection and Consent ๐ก๏ธ
A. ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ ๋จ์ํ ์๋ช
์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Informed consent must be based on sufficient explanation, not just a signature. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ค๋ช
โ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
is essential to informed consent.
B. ํผํ์๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๋ ์ง ์ฒ ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
Participants have the right to withdraw from research at any time. ๐ช
Answer
๊ถ๋ฆฌ โ ์ฒ ํํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ means the right to withdraw.
C. ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๋ ์๊ฒฉํ ๋ณดํธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
Research involving vulnerable groups requires stricter safeguards. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ฅ์น โ ๋ณดํธ ์ฅ์น means safeguard.
D. ํผํ์์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํต์ฌ์ด๋ค.
Guaranteeing participantsโ right to self-determination is central to research ethics. ๐งญ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค means to guarantee rights.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์์๋๋ ์ํ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ ๊ท ํ ์๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Researchers must explain expected risks and benefits in a balanced way. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ค๋ช
โ ์ํ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค is a natural ethics phrase.
F. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ ์ถ๋๋ฉด ํผํ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If personal information leaks, participantsโ trust can be greatly damaged. ๐
Answer
ํผ์ โ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ํผ์๋๋ค means trust is damaged.
G. ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Participant protection must be prioritized over research outcomes. โ
Answer
์ฐ์ โ ์ฐ์ ๋๋ค means to be prioritized.
H. ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ดํดํ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๋์๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฝํ๋ค.
Consent obtained when the participant does not understand the content has weak ethical legitimacy. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋น์ฑ โ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ means ethical legitimacy.
I. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๋ช
๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์์ฑ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
A research explanation document should reduce technical terms and be written in clear language. ๐
Answer
๋ฌธ์ฅ โ ์๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด ๋ฌธ์ฅ means easy-to-understand sentences.
J. ์ฐธ์ฌ ์๋ฐ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋์๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If there is pressure to participate, voluntary consent is difficult to secure. ๐ซ
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ๋์๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means to secure consent.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌ์ ๋์ โ informed consent
- ์๋ช โ signature
- ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช โ sufficient explanation
- ์ฒ ํํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ โ right to withdraw
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable group
- ๋ณดํธ ์ฅ์น โ safeguard
- ์๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ถ โ right to self-determination
- ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค โ to guarantee
- ์์๋๋ ์ํ โ expected risk
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ์ ์ถ โ personal information leakage
- ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ํผ์๋๋ค โ trust is damaged
- ์ฐ์ ๋๋ค โ to be prioritized
- ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ โ ethical legitimacy
- ์ ๋ฌธ์ฉ์ด โ technical term
- ์๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋์ โ voluntary consent
Tip ๐ก A strong consent sentence includes who explains, what is explained, and whether the participant can freely decide.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Safety, Risk, and Reporting ๐
A. ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์์ ์ํ์ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
If safety verification is insufficient, expanding the clinical trial is difficult. ๐ง
Answer
์ด๋ ต โ ์ด๋ ต๋ค means to be difficult.
B. ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณํ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Foreseeable side effects must be stated in advance in the research plan. ๐
Answer
๋ช
์ โ ๋ช
์๋๋ค means to be clearly stated.
C. ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ด์ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋ํ๋๋ฉด ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
If a serious adverse reaction appears, criteria for stopping the trial are necessary. ๐
Answer
์ค๋จ โ ์ํ์ ์ค๋จํ๋ค means to stop the trial.
D. ๋ถ์์ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Without a side-effect reporting system, risk management may become weak. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ โ ์ทจ์ฝํด์ง๋ค means to become vulnerable or weak.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ํ์ ์ถ์ํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Researchers must disclose risks accurately without minimizing them. ๐
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ โ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค means to disclose or make public.
F. ์์ ์ฅ์น๋ ํผํ์์๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Safeguards are necessary to reduce possible harm to participants. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ค์ด โ ์ค์ด๋ค means to reduce.
G. ์ํ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ํฌ๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If the risk burden is too great, it is difficult to secure the researchโs legitimacy. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means to secure legitimacy.
H. ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
Long-term effects are difficult to judge only from short-term results. โณ
Answer
ํ๋จ โ ํ๋จํ๋ค means to judge.
I. ์์ ์ฑ ์๋ฃ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ค์๋ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Safety data must be systematically preserved even after the study ends. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ ๋ณด์กด๋๋ค means to be preserved.
J. ์ํ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ ๊ท ํ์ ๋ฐ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ํ-์ด์ต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
The process of weighing risks and benefits can be called risk-benefit evaluation. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ์ํ-์ด์ต ํ๊ฐ means risk-benefit evaluation.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ํ๋ํ๋ค โ to expand
- ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ถ์์ฉ โ foreseeable side effect
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณํ์ โ research plan
- ๋ช ์๋๋ค โ to be clearly stated
- ์ด์ ๋ฐ์ โ adverse reaction
- ์ํ์ ์ค๋จํ๋ค โ to stop a trial
- ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ โ reporting system
- ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ risk management
- ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค โ to disclose
- ์์ ์ฅ์น โ safety measure/safeguard
- ์ํ ๋ถ๋ด โ risk burden
- ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure legitimacy
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ โ long-term effect
- ์์ ์ฑ ์๋ฃ โ safety data
- ์ํ-์ด์ต ํ๊ฐ โ risk-benefit evaluation
Tip ๐ก Safety writing becomes more advanced when you replace vague danger with concrete terms: side effects, reporting, stopping criteria, data, and risk-benefit evaluation.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Research Responsibility and Ethics Review ๐๏ธ
A. ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํผํ์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํดํ์ง ์๋์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
Ethics review is a process of examining whether research violates participantsโ rights. ๐
Answer
๊ฒํ โ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค means to review or examine.
B. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ๋ถํฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊น์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
Research responsibility applies from research design to result reporting. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ์ฉ โ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค means to apply.
C. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ์ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์จ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If researchers hide risk information, both reliability and ethicality are damaged. ๐ซ
Answer
ํผ์ โ ํผ์๋๋ค means to be damaged.
D. ์ค๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ํ ๋ถ๋ด์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The ethics committee reviews the necessity of the research and the risk burden together. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ์ฌ โ ์ฌ์ฌํ๋ค means to review/evaluate formally.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ฆ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
Researchers have an obligation to report side effects immediately. ๐ฃ
Answer
์๋ฌด โ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฌด means reporting obligation.
F. ์๋ฃ ์กฐ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ํ์์ด๋ค.
Data manipulation is an act that seriously violates research ethics. โ
Answer
์๋ฐ โ ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐํ๋ค means to violate ethics.
G. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๊ณต์ต์ ์ด์ด๋ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Even if the research purpose serves the public interest, procedural legitimacy must be secured. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ํ๋ณด๋๋ค means legitimacy is secured.
H. ๊ฐ๋
์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์์ด ํ๋ ค์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
If the oversight system is weak, there is a possibility that research responsibility becomes unclear. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค means there is a possibility.
I. ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ฆ์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
Ethics review is not for slowing research down but for preventing risk. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์๋ฐฉ โ ์ํ์ ์๋ฐฉํ๋ค means to prevent risk.
J. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ณผ์ฅ ์์ด ํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Research results must be disclosed transparently without exaggeration. ๐ข
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ โ ํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ค means to be disclosed transparently.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ โ ethics review
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to review
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ ์ โ research responsibility
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ โ research design
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ โ result reporting
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to apply
- ์ํ ์ ๋ณด โ risk information
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ โ ethicality
- ์ค๋ฆฌ์์ํ โ ethics committee
- ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฌด โ reporting obligation
- ์๋ฃ ์กฐ์ โ data manipulation
- ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ โ procedural legitimacy
- ๊ฐ๋ ์ฒด๊ณ โ oversight system
- ํฌ๋ช ํ๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ค โ to be disclosed transparently
Tip ๐ก Responsibility vocabulary often uses institutional verbs: review, approve, report, disclose, prevent, secure.
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Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์์ ์ํ = ๋ชจ๋ ์คํ โ โ
์ฌ๋ ๋์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ = ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Fix the idea: clinical trial is not every experiment; it is human health-related research. ๐งช
Answer
์ํ โ ์์ ์ํ is the precise term.
B. โ ์ฌ์ ๋์ = ์๋ช
โ โ
์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Fix the idea: informed consent is not just a signature; it is consent based on sufficient explanation. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋์ โ ์ฌ์ ๋์ requires informed agreement.
C. ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋งํ ๋๋ ํผํ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค๋ณด๋ค ํผํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค๊ฐ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๋ค.
In neutral language, โconduct research with participants as subjectsโ sounds better than โuse participants.โ ๐งญ
Answer
์งํ โ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค means to conduct research.
D. ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ฝ์ด๋ ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ด ์์ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Safety quality shows whether a drug or treatment is safe. ๐
Answer
์ฑ์ง โ ์ฑ์ง means quality or property.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ์ํ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์๋ฆฌ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If researchers do not sufficiently disclose risk, the right to know may be violated. ๐ซ
Answer
์นจํด โ ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์นจํด๋๋ค means the right to know is violated.
F. ์ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
Medical progress is important, but participant protection must not be neglected. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ํํ โ ์ํํ ํ๋ค means to neglect.
G. ๋ถ์์ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ์ํ์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
A side-effect reporting system helps detect risks early. ๐ฃ
Answer
๋ฐ๊ฒฌ โ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค means to discover or detect.
H. ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
If unfavorable conditions are forced on vulnerable groups, a research ethics problem occurs. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค means a problem occurs.
I. ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ๊ณผ ํผํ์ ๋ณดํธ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ท ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Ethics review examines the balance between research necessity and participant protection. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒํ โ ๊ท ํ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค means to review the balance.
J. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ
์์ด ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ์๋ก ํผํ์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ ๋ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
The clearer the research responsibility is, the better participantsโ rights and safety can be protected. โ
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค means to protect rights and safety.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ ์ํ โ clinical trial
- ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ health-related research
- ์ฌ์ ๋์ โ informed consent
- ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช โ sufficient explanation
- ํผํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค โ to conduct research with participants as subjects
- ์ฑ์ง โ quality/property
- ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ โ right to know
- ์นจํด๋๋ค โ to be violated
- ์ํ ๋ฐ์ โ medical progress
- ์ํํ ํ๋ค โ to neglect
- ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค โ to detect early
- ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ unfavorable conditions
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to force
- ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฌ โ ethics review
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ ์ โ research responsibility
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol rule: if the sentence praises research progress, add a safeguard. If it describes risk, name the exact right or protection involved.
ย
๐ Excellent work โ your ์์ ์ํ vocabulary now protects participants, verifies safety, respects consent, and reports side effects like a responsible little research committee. ๐งช๐ก๏ธ