TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งฑ ์ฌ๋ฃ ๊ณผํ means materials science: the study of how materials are structured, improved, processed, and used in real industries.
- ๐ฌ Advanced Korean texts often connect ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ (new-material development), ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ (nanotechnology), and ์ฐ์ ์ ์์ฉ (industrial application) in one cause-and-effect chain.
- ๐ญ To sound precise, pair each material with its key property: ๊ฐ๋ (strength), ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ (durability), ์ ๋์ฑ (conductivity), ๋ด์ด์ฑ (heat resistance), or ์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ (biocompatibility).
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever a long Korean phrase feels like a tiny science train ๐. Try typing ์ฌ๋ฃ ๊ณผํ์ ์งํ (the evolution of materials science), ๋๋
ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ (the development of nanotechnology), or ์ฐ์
์ ์์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (potential for industrial application) to hear the rhythm.
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๐ The Big Picture
์ฌ๋ฃ ๊ณผํ (materials science) is the field that studies how materials are made, how their structures affect their properties, and how those properties can solve real-world problems. In advanced Korean, this topic rarely appears as a simple list of materials. It usually appears as a process: a limitation is found, a new material is developed, performance improves, and the material is applied in industry. ๐งช
A useful reading chain is: ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ํ๊ณ (limitations of existing materials) โ ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ (new-material development) โ ์ฑ๋ฅ ํฅ์ (performance improvement) โ ์ฐ์
์ ์์ฉ (industrial application) โ ์์ฉํ (commercialization). If you can follow that chain, science articles stop looking like a wall of lab coats. ๐ฅผ
This lesson is vocabulary-focused, not engineering-focused. You do not need to calculate anything. Your goal is to recognize and produce precise Korean phrases for materials, properties, development, and application. ๐ญ
๐จ The Core Materials Science Family
๐งฑ 1. Materials: what is being developed?
- ๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ = metallic materials. These often appear with ๊ฐ๋ (strength), ์ ๋์ฑ (conductivity), and ํฉ๊ธ (alloy). Example context: aircraft parts or electronic components. โ๏ธ
- ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ = polymer materials. These include plastics, films, and fibers; they often appear with ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ค (to be light) and ๊ฐ๊ณต์ด ์ฝ๋ค (to be easy to process). ๐งต
- ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์ฌ๋ฃ = ceramic materials. These are often linked to ๋ด์ด์ฑ (heat resistance) and ๋ด์์ฑ (corrosion resistance). ๐ฅ
- ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ = composite material, a material made by combining two or more materials. ํ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ means carbon-fiber composite and is often described as light but strong. ๐ด
- ์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ = biomaterial, a material used in or near the human body. It must have ์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ (biocompatibility), meaning it does not harm the body and can function safely. ๐ฆด
- ๋๋ ธ ์์ฌ = nanomaterial, a material engineered at an extremely small scale. It is often discussed with ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ (nanotechnology), ํ๋ฉด์ (surface area), and ์ ๋ฐํ ์กฐ์ (precise control). ๐ฌ
โ๏ธ 2. Properties: why is the material useful?
- ๊ฐ๋ = strength, the ability to withstand force. Use ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ค (strength is high), not just ๊ฐํ๋ค (to be strong), when writing formally. ๐๏ธ
- ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ = durability, the ability to last without being damaged easily. Common phrase: ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ค (durability is excellent). ๐ ๏ธ
- ์ ๋์ฑ = conductivity, the ability to transmit electricity or heat. Common phrase: ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ์ฐ์ํ๋ค (electrical conductivity is excellent). โก
- ๋ด์ด์ฑ = heat resistance, the ability to withstand high temperature. Common phrase: ๊ณ ์จ์์๋ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ค (stable even at high temperatures). ๐ฅ
- ์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ = biocompatibility, the ability to be safely used with the human body. Common phrase: ์ธ์ฒด์ ํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น์ง ์๋ค (not harm the human body). ๐ซ
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ = environmental friendliness, used when materials reduce pollution, waste, or resource use. ๐ฑ
๐ญ 3. Development and application: what happens next?
- ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ค = to be developed; ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค = to develop.
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค = to be applied; ์ ์ฉํ๋ค = to apply.
- ๋์ฒดํ๋ค = to replace. Example: a biodegradable polymer can replace conventional plastic.
- ํฅ์๋๋ค = to be improved. It often pairs with ์ฑ๋ฅ (performance), ํจ์จ (efficiency), or ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ (durability).
- ์์ฉํ๋๋ค = to be commercialized, meaning a technology becomes usable in the market or real industry.
- ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค = has great potential for use. This is a polished way to discuss future applications without claiming something is already fully commercialized. ๐
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ํ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ง๋ง ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ ์์ ๋๋ฆฌ ํ์ฉ๋๋ค.
Carbon-fiber composites are light but have high strength, so they are widely used in the aerospace industry. โ๏ธ
Notes: ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ค = to be light; ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ค = strength is high; ํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
= aerospace industry; ํ์ฉ๋๋ค = to be utilized.
- ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ผ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ํฅ์๋์๋ค.
As nanotechnology developed, the precision of medical sensors improved. ๐ฉบ
Notes: ๋ฐ์ ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ = as something develops; ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ผ์ = medical sensor; ์ ๋ฐ๋ = precision; ํฅ์๋๋ค = to improve.
- ์๋ถํด์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ๋ผ์คํฑ์ ๋์ฒดํ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์์ฌ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Biodegradable polymers are receiving attention as eco-friendly materials that can replace conventional plastic. ๐ฑ
Notes: ์๋ถํด์ฑ = biodegradable; ๊ธฐ์กด = existing/conventional; ๋์ฒดํ๋ค = to replace; ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๋ค = to receive attention.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For advanced science vocabulary, build noun phrases from modifier + core noun:
- ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ = new-material development. ์ ์์ฌ (new material) modifies ๊ฐ๋ฐ (development).
- ์ฐ์ ์ ์์ฉ = industrial application. ์ฐ์ ์ (industrial) modifies ์์ฉ (application).
- ๋๋ ์์ฐ ๊ธฐ์ = mass-production technology. ๋๋ ์์ฐ (mass production) modifies ๊ธฐ์ (technology).
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ = safety/stability verification. ์์ ์ฑ (stability/safety) modifies ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification).
For process sentences, use these polished frames:
- A์ ํ๊ณ๋ก ์ธํด B๊ฐ ํ์ํด์ก๋ค. = Because of Aโs limitations, B became necessary.
- A๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ B๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ก๋ค. = As A developed, B became possible.
- A๋ B ๋ถ์ผ์์ ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค. = A has great potential for use in field B.
- A๊ฐ ์์ฉํ๋๋ ค๋ฉด B๊ฐ ํ๋ณด๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. = For A to be commercialized, B must be secured.
๐ Cross-check note
The Korean terms and usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources and standard dictionary-style usage on korean.go.kr, especially terms such as ์ฌ๋ฃ (material), ๊ณผํ (science), ๊ฐ๋ฐ (development), ์์ฉ (application), ๋์ฒด (replacement), and ์์ฉํ (commercialization). โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ฌ๋ฃ / ์์ฌ โ both can mean material. ์ฌ๋ฃ is broad and everyday; ์์ฌ sounds common in industrial, design, and technology contexts.
- ์์ฉ / ํ์ฉ โ both relate to use/application. ์์ฉ often means applying a theory or technology to a field; ํ์ฉ emphasizes practical use.
- ๋ฐ์ / ์งํ โ both can describe development/evolution. ๋ฐ์ is general improvement or progress; ์งํ stresses gradual transformation over time.
- ์์ฉํ / ์ค์ฉํ โ both relate to practical adoption. ์์ฉํ highlights market or commercial use; ์ค์ฉํ highlights practical usability.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๊ฐํ๋ค. โ โ ์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ค. (For formal science writing, name the property: โstrength is high.โ ๐๏ธ)
- โ ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ค. โ โ ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ๋จ์์์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ค. (Nanotechnology is not just โsmall technologyโ; it involves controlling materials at tiny scales. ๐ฌ)
- โ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ์ด๋ค. โ โ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ์์ฌ์ด๋ค. (Do not confuse a material with the product that may use it. ๐ฑ)
- โ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ฉด ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋๋ค. โ โ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํด๋ ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋๋ ์์ฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. (Research success does not automatically mean commercialization. ๐ญ)
- โ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. โ โ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ, ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ผ์, ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถํ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค. (Specific fields sound more advanced than vague โindustry.โ ๐)
๐ Materials science vocabulary is really a story of problem โ material โ property โ application. Follow that chain, and even dense science passages become a well-labeled toolbox. ๐งฐ
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best Korean science-vocabulary word or phrase. Say the full sentence aloud, check whether the English meaning still makes sense, then open the Answer toggle. ๐งช
1. ํ์ ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ง๋ง ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
Carbon-fiber composites are light but have high strength. ๐ด
Answer
๋ณตํฉ์ฌ โ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ means โcomposite material,โ made by combining two or more materials.
2. ์ธ๊ณต ๊ด์ ์๋ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Artificial joints require high biocompatibility. ๐ฆด
Answer
์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ โ It means a material can be safely used with the human body.
3. ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฐ์ํ ์์ฌ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
Graphene is known as a material with excellent electrical conductivity. โก
Answer
์ ๋์ฑ โ ์ ๋์ฑ is the ability to transmit electricity or heat.
4. ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๋์ ์จ๋์์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ค.
Ceramic materials have excellent heat resistance even at high temperatures. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ด์ด์ฑ โ ๋ด์ด์ฑ means resistance to heat.
5. ์๋ถํด์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ๋ผ์คํฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Biodegradable polymers can replace conventional plastic. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋์ฒด โ The full verb is ๋์ฒดํ๋ค, โto replace.โ
6. ๋๋
ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
As nanotechnology developed, sensor precision improved. ๐ฉบ
Answer
ํฅ์ โ The full verb is ํฅ์๋๋ค, โto be improved.โ
7. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค ๋จ๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์์ฅ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค.
When lab-stage technology is used in the market, we can say it has been commercialized. ๐ช
Answer
์์ฉํ โ The full verb is ์์ฉํ๋๋ค, โto be commercialized.โ
8. ์ด ์์ฌ๋ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค.
This material has great potential for use in the medical field. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํ์ฉ โ ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค means โhas great potential for practical use.โ
9. ์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
For a new material to be commercialized, safety verification is necessary. โ
Answer
์์ฉํ โ ์์ฉํ๋๋ ค๋ฉด means โfor it to be commercialized.โ
10. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๊ณ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํด์ก๋ค.
Because of the limitations of existing batteries, high-performance new materials became necessary. ๐
Answer
์ ์์ฌ โ ์ ์์ฌ means โnew material.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ ์ฌ์ โ carbon fiber
- ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ โ composite material
- ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ค โ to be light
- ๊ฐ๋ โ strength
- ์ธ๊ณต ๊ด์ โ artificial joint
- ์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ โ biocompatibility
- ๊ทธ๋ํ โ graphene
- ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ๋์ฑ โ electrical conductivity
- ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์ฌ๋ฃ โ ceramic material
- ๋ด์ด์ฑ โ heat resistance
- ์๋ถํด์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ โ biodegradable polymer
- ๊ธฐ์กด ํ๋ผ์คํฑ โ conventional plastic
- ๋์ฒดํ๋ค โ to replace
- ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ โ nanotechnology
- ์ผ์ โ sensor
- ์ ๋ฐ๋ โ precision
- ํฅ์๋๋ค โ to improve
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค ๋จ๊ณ โ lab stage
- ์์ฅ โ market
- ์์ฉํ๋๋ค โ to be commercialized
- ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ผ โ medical field
- ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ potential for use
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ โ battery
- ์ ์์ฌ โ new material
Tip ๐ก In formal science Korean, nouns like ๊ฐ๋, ๋ด์ด์ฑ, and ์ ๋์ฑ make your sentence sharper than vague adjectives.
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when youโre ready to turn these science words into fluent reading power. ๐ง
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Evolution of Materials Science
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Welcome to the materials-science training lab, where Korean vocabulary puts on safety goggles and becomes useful. ๐ฅฝ Youโll practice identifying materials, matching properties, completing development-and-application sentences, and avoiding the classic โeverything is just strongโ trap. ๐งฐ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a science phrase or sentence aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best word or phrase, then compare the English meaning. Each exercise focuses on a different part of the lesson: material types, properties, development verbs, application frames, and pitfall repair.
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Exercise 1 โ Material Types Lab ๐งฑ
A. ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ํฉ๊ธ์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Aluminum alloy is a representative metallic material. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ โ ๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ means โmetallic material,โ often linked to strength and conductivity.
B. ํ๋ผ์คํฑ ํ๋ฆ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ ์์ด๋ค.
Plastic film is one example of a polymer material. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ โ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ includes plastics, films, and fibers.
C. ๊ณ ์จ ์ฅ๋น์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
Ceramic materials are often used in high-temperature equipment. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์ฌ๋ฃ โ These materials are useful when heat resistance matters.
D. ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
A material made by combining two materials is called a composite material. ๐งฉ
Answer
๋ณตํฉ์ฌ โ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ literally refers to a combined/composite material.
E. ์ธ์ฒด ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.
For biomaterials used inside the human body, safety is important. ๐ฆด
Answer
์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ โ ์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ is material used in or near the body.
F. ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ๋จ์์์ ์ค๊ณ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค.
A material designed at a very small scale can be called a nanomaterial. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋๋
ธ ์์ฌ โ ๋๋
ธ signals an extremely small scale.
G. ๊ฐ๋ณ๊ณ ๊ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถํ์ ์ ํฉํ๋ค.
Light and strong carbon-fiber composite is suitable for aircraft parts. ๐ฉ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ โ It is a common example of a light, strong composite.
H. ์ ์ ๋ถํ์๋ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ์ข์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Electronic components need metallic materials with good conductivity. ๐ป
Answer
๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ โ Metals are often associated with conductivity.
I. ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ํ๋ํธ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Biomaterials can be used in medical implants. ๐ฆท
Answer
์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ โ The body-contact context points to biomaterials.
J. ์ฌ์ ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๋ ํํ์ด ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๋ค.
When describing fibers and films, the expression polymer material is natural. ๐งต
Answer
๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ โ This category covers plastic-like and fiber-like materials.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ํฉ๊ธ โ aluminum alloy
- ๋ํ์ ์ธ โ representative
- ๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ โ metallic material
- ํ๋ผ์คํฑ ํ๋ฆ โ plastic film
- ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ โ polymer material
- ๊ณ ์จ ์ฅ๋น โ high-temperature equipment
- ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์ฌ๋ฃ โ ceramic material
- ๋ ๊ฐ์ง โ two kinds
- ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ค โ to combine
- ์์ฌ โ material
- ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ โ composite material
- ์ธ์ฒด โ human body
- ์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ โ biomaterial
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety
- ์์ ๋จ์ โ small scale/unit
- ์ค๊ณ๋๋ค โ to be designed
- ๋๋ ธ ์์ฌ โ nanomaterial
- ํ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ โ carbon-fiber composite
- ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถํ โ aircraft part
- ์ ์ ๋ถํ โ electronic component
- ์ ๋์ฑ โ conductivity
- ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ํ๋ํธ โ medical implant
- ์ฌ์ โ fiber
- ํ๋ฆ โ film
Tip ๐ก First identify the material family, then attach the property that makes it useful.
Exercise 2 โ Property Match Workshop โ๏ธ
A. ๋ค๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์๋ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
Bridge structures require high strength. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ๋ โ ๊ฐ๋ measures the ability to withstand force.
B. ์ค๋ ์ฐ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ๋ถํ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Durability is important for car parts used for a long time. ๐
Answer
๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ โ ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ means the ability to last without damage.
C. ์ ์ ์ ๋ง๋ค ๋๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When making wires, electrical conductivity must be considered. ๐
Answer
์ ๋์ฑ โ Wires need materials that transmit electricity well.
D. ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฒฝ์๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
The outer wall of a spacecraft needs excellent heat resistance. ๐
Answer
๋ด์ด์ฑ โ High-temperature environments require heat resistance.
E. ์ธ๊ณต ํ๊ด ์์ฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Artificial blood-vessel materials must have biocompatibility. ๐ซ
Answer
์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ โ Body-contact materials must be safe for the body.
F. ์ค์ผ์ ์ค์ด๋ ์์ฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค.
A material that reduces pollution can be said to have high environmental friendliness. ๐ฑ
Answer
์นํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ โ This property concerns environmental benefit.
G. ๊ณ ์จ์์๋ ๋ณํ๋์ง ์๋ ์ฑ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The property of not deforming even at high temperatures is heat resistance. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ด์ด์ฑ โ The clue is โhigh temperature.โ
H. ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The ability to transmit electricity and heat is conductivity. โก
Answer
์ ๋์ฑ โ ์ ๋ relates to transmission/conduction.
I. ๋ง๋ชจ์ ์ ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ์ฑ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
The property of resisting wear is related to durability. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ โ Wear resistance is a durability issue.
J. ์ธ๋ถ ํ์ ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The ability to withstand external force is called strength. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ โ This is more formal and precise than simply saying โstrong.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ค๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ โ bridge structure
- ๋์ โ high
- ๊ฐ๋ โ strength
- ์ค๋ ์ฐ๋ค โ to use for a long time
- ์๋์ฐจ ๋ถํ โ car part
- ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ โ durability
- ์ ์ โ wire
- ์ ๊ธฐ โ electricity
- ์ ๋์ฑ โ conductivity
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฒฝ โ spacecraft outer wall
- ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ค โ to be excellent
- ๋ด์ด์ฑ โ heat resistance
- ์ธ๊ณต ํ๊ด โ artificial blood vessel
- ์์ฒด ์ ํฉ์ฑ โ biocompatibility
- ๊ฐ์ถ๋ค โ to possess/equip
- ์ค์ผ โ pollution
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ โ environmental friendliness
- ๊ณ ์จ โ high temperature
- ๋ณํ๋๋ค โ to deform
- ์ฑ์ง โ property
- ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค โ to transmit
- ๋ง๋ชจ โ wear/abrasion
- ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค โ to withstand
- ์ธ๋ถ ํ โ external force
Tip ๐ก Properties often end in -์ฑ, a noun-forming ending for โqualityโ or โcharacteristic.โ
Exercise 3 โ Development Verbs + Process Flow ๐ญ
A. ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด์ ์ถฉ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ค์๋ค.
As a new battery material was developed, charging time decreased. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฐ โ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ค means โto be developed.โ
B. ๋๋
ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์๋ฃ ์ง๋จ ์ฅ๋น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
Nanotechnology is being applied to medical diagnostic equipment. ๐ฉบ
Answer
์ ์ฉ โ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค means โto be applied.โ
C. ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์ผํ์ฉ ํ๋ผ์คํฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Eco-friendly materials are replacing disposable plastic. ๐ฟ
Answer
๋์ฒด โ ๋์ฒดํ๋ค means โto replace.โ
D. ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ ํ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
As the manufacturing process improved, the productโs performance improved. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํฅ์ โ ํฅ์๋๋ค means โto be improved.โ
E. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ด๋ฅด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
This technology has not yet reached the commercialization stage. ๐ช
Answer
์์ฉํ โ ์์ฉํ ๋จ๊ณ is the commercialization stage.
F. ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ด ๋๋์ผ ์๋ฃ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Only after safety verification is finished can the medical material be commercialized. โ
Answer
์์ฉํ โ Commercialization requires safety and production readiness.
G. ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ฌ์ ํ๊ณ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ก๋ค.
Because of the limitations of existing materials, new materials became necessary. ๐งช
Answer
ํ์ โ ํ์ํด์ง๋ค means โto become necessary.โ
H. ๋๋ ์์ฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ์์ฅ ์ง์
์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
Mass-production technology must be secured for market entry to be possible. ๐ญ
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ํ๋ณด๋๋ค means โto be secured.โ
I. ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ก์ด ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ก๋ค.
As technology developed, new application fields became possible. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅํด โ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง๋ค means โto become possible.โ
J. ์ ์์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋์ง ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
New-material research is contributing to solving energy problems. โก
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค means โto contribute.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์ฌ โ battery material
- ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ค โ to be developed
- ์ถฉ์ ์๊ฐ โ charging time
- ์ค๋ค โ to decrease
- ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ โ nanotechnology
- ์๋ฃ ์ง๋จ ์ฅ๋น โ medical diagnostic equipment
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be applied
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์์ฌ โ eco-friendly material
- ์ผํ์ฉ ํ๋ผ์คํฑ โ disposable plastic
- ๋์ฒดํ๋ค โ to replace
- ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ โ manufacturing process
- ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค โ to be improved
- ์ ํ โ product
- ์ฑ๋ฅ โ performance
- ํฅ์๋๋ค โ to be improved
- ๊ธฐ์ โ technology
- ์์ฉํ ๋จ๊ณ โ commercialization stage
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ์๋ฃ ์์ฌ โ medical material
- ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ฌ โ existing material
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ ์์ฌ โ new material
- ํ์ํด์ง๋ค โ to become necessary
- ๋๋ ์์ฐ ๊ธฐ์ โ mass-production technology
- ํ๋ณด๋๋ค โ to be secured
- ์์ฅ ์ง์ โ market entry
- ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง๋ค โ to become possible
- ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ โ application field
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ research
- ์๋์ง ๋ฌธ์ โ energy problem
- ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to contribute
Tip ๐ก Watch the process order: limitation โ development โ improvement โ application โ commercialization.
Exercise 4 โ Application Frames + Advanced Phrases ๐
A. ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค.
Graphene has great potential for use in next-generation semiconductors. ๐ป
Answer
ํ์ฉ โ ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค is a polished phrase for โhas strong practical-use potential.โ
B. ์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ๊ณต ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Biomaterial research is contributing to artificial-organ development. ๐ซ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ A๋ B์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค = A contributes to B.
C. ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ฐ์
๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
The acceleration of new-material development can raise industrial competitiveness. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ํ โ ๊ฐ์ํ means acceleration.
D. ์ฐ์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ปํ๋ค.
Potential for industrial application means the possibility of real practical use. ๐ญ
Answer
์์ฉ โ ์ฐ์
์ ์์ฉ means industrial application.
E. ๋๋ ์์ฐ์ด ์ด๋ ต๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
If mass production is difficult, commercialization takes time. โณ
Answer
์์ฉํ โ Commercialization depends on production, safety, and cost.
F. ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ ํด์ง ์์ฌ๋ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Solid electrolyte materials can be applied to improving battery safety. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฉ โ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค means to be applied.
G. ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ผ์๋ ๋๋
ธ ์์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค.
Medical sensors developed thanks to the precise control of nanomaterials. ๐ฉบ
Answer
์กฐ์ โ ์ ๋ฐํ ์กฐ์ means precise control.
H. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To solve environmental problems, we must analyze the limitations of existing materials. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ Identifying limits often starts the materials-science story.
I. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ค๋ฉด ์์ ์ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
For research results to lead to products, safety verification is necessary. โ
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ means safety/stability verification.
J. ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ์ดํดํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
We must understand a materialโs structure and properties together. ๐งฌ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ Materials science connects structure and properties.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ทธ๋ํ โ graphene
- ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด โ next-generation semiconductor
- ๋ถ์ผ โ field
- ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ potential for use
- ์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ biomaterial research
- ์ธ๊ณต ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ artificial-organ development
- ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to contribute
- ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ new-material development
- ๊ฐ์ํ โ acceleration
- ์ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ โ industrial competitiveness
- ์ฐ์ ์ ์์ฉ โ industrial application
- ์ค์ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility of real use
- ๋๋ ์์ฐ โ mass production
- ์์ฉํ โ commercialization
- ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ ํด์ง ์์ฌ โ solid electrolyte material
- ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์ ์ฑ โ battery safety
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be applied
- ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ผ์ โ medical sensor
- ๋๋ ธ ์์ฌ โ nanomaterial
- ์ ๋ฐํ ์กฐ์ โ precise control
- ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ โ environmental problem
- ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ฌ โ existing material
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ research result
- ์ ํ โ product
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ์ฌ๋ฃ โ material
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure
- ์ฑ์ง โ property
Tip ๐ก ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค is useful when a technology is promising but not guaranteed.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
This material has high strength. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ โ โ Avoid vague ๊ฐํ๋ค in formal science writing; โ
use ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
B. ๋๋
ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ๋จ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ค.
Nanotechnology is technology that controls matter at a very small scale. ๐ฌ
Answer
์กฐ์ โ โ Not just โsmall technologyโ; โ
it involves precise control at tiny scales.
C. ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Graphene is a material that can be applied to smartphone screens. ๐ฑ
Answer
์์ฌ โ โ Do not call the material the product; โ
call it a material used in a product.
D. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Even if the research succeeds, safety verification is necessary. โ
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ โ Research success is not automatic commercialization; โ
safety verification matters.
E. ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถํ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ์ผ์ด๋ค.
Electric-vehicle batteries and aircraft parts are specific application fields. ๐
Answer
์์ฉ โ โ Avoid vague โused in industryโ; โ
name specific application fields.
F. ์ฌ๋ฃ ๊ณผํ์์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
In materials science, the relationship between structure and properties is analyzed. ๐งฌ
Answer
์ฑ์ง โ Structure-property relationships are central to materials science.
G. ์๋ถํด์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Biodegradable polymers are receiving attention as eco-friendly materials. ๐ฑ
Answer
์์ฌ โ ์์ฌ sounds natural in technology and industry contexts.
H. ์ค์ ์์ฅ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค.
The stage of being used in the real market is the commercialization stage. ๐ช
Answer
์์ฉํ โ ์์ฉํ emphasizes market or commercial use.
I. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
New materials are developed to overcome the limitations of existing materials. ๐งช
Answer
์ ์์ฌ โ This completes the problem โ solution pattern.
J. ์ฐ์
ํ์ฅ์์ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The possibility of actual use in industrial settings is called application potential. ๐ญ
Answer
์์ฉ โ ์์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means potential for application.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌ๋ฃ โ material
- ๊ฐ๋ โ strength
- ๋๋ค โ to be high
- ๋๋ ธ ๊ธฐ์ โ nanotechnology
- ๋ฌผ์ง โ matter/substance
- ์์ ๋จ์ โ small scale/unit
- ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to control
- ๊ทธ๋ํ โ graphene
- ์ค๋งํธํฐ ํ๋ฉด โ smartphone screen
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be applied
- ์์ฌ โ material
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ research
- ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค โ to succeed
- ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ โ safety verification
- ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ โ electric-vehicle battery
- ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถํ โ aircraft part
- ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ โ specific
- ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ โ application field
- ์ฌ๋ฃ ๊ณผํ โ materials science
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure
- ์ฑ์ง โ property
- ๊ด๊ณ โ relationship
- ๋ถ์ํ๋ค โ to analyze
- ์๋ถํด์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ โ biodegradable polymer
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ โ eco-friendly
- ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๋ค โ to receive attention
- ์์ฅ โ market
- ์์ฉํ ๋จ๊ณ โ commercialization stage
- ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฌ๋ฃ โ existing material
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ค โ to overcome
- ์ ์์ฌ โ new material
- ์ฐ์ ํ์ฅ โ industrial setting
- ์ค์ ๋ก โ actually
- ์์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ application potential
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol rule: be specific about the property, the material, and the application field.
ย
๐ You finished the lab! Now you can read materials-science passages as a chain of limitation โ new material โ property โ application โ commercialization instead of a foggy pile of technical nouns. ๐งชโจ