The Logical Consistency of Arguments

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TL;DR 🦄

🧭 논리적 일관성 means an argument’s claims fit together without fighting each other.

🧩 To test 논증, track the 전제, the 근거, and the 결론 before judging the reasoning.

⚖️ A consistent argument can still be factually wrong or weak, so separate 모순 부재 from 타당성.

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🎧 Iru Helper Note

Type any Korean term or sentence from this lesson into

Korean Helper Widgets to hear it read aloud. Advanced vocabulary gets friendlier when your ears recognize the rhythm too. 🗣️

🌈 The Big Picture

When you read an argument, you are not only asking, “Do I agree?” You are asking, “Can these ideas stand in the same room without throwing chairs?” 🪑

The key term is 논리적 일관성 — logical consistency. An argument has logical consistency when its premises, reasons, exceptions, and conclusion do not contradict one another. If one sentence says “everyone must follow the same rule” and the next says “one group never has to follow it,” your contradiction alarm should beep. 🚨

This lesson focuses on academic Korean vocabulary for evaluating argument structure: 논증 (argumentation), 전제 (premise), 근거 (supporting reason/evidence), 결론 (conclusion), 모순 (contradiction), 모순 부재 (absence of contradiction), and 타당성 (validity or soundness of reasoning). 🧠

Important distinction: an argument can be logically consistent but still false. For example, if all the pieces fit together but the starting assumption is wrong, the structure may be neat while the claim is still unreliable. A tidy suitcase can still be packed with socks you do not need. 🧦

🎨 The Core Argument-Consistency Family

1. 논증 — argumentation 🧱

논증 means the process of supporting a claim with reasons. It usually contains:

주장 → claim; the point being argued

근거 → reason/evidence; what supports the claim

결론 → conclusion; the final judgment reached from the reasoning

Example idea:

온라인 회의는 이동 시간을 줄인다. 따라서 업무 효율을 높일 수 있다.

Online meetings reduce travel time. Therefore, they can improve work efficiency. 💻

The reason and conclusion point in the same direction, so the argument is basically consistent.

2. 전제 — premise or assumption 🔍

A 전제 is a starting point that the argument depends on. It can be openly stated or hidden.

Example:

대중교통 이용자가 늘어나면 도로의 차량 수가 줄어든다.

If public transportation users increase, the number of cars on the road decreases. 🚌

That sentence can be a premise for an argument about reducing congestion. If the premise does not hold in a specific situation, the argument becomes weaker.

3. 모순 and 모순 부재 — contradiction and no contradiction ⚔️

모순 means contradiction: two claims cannot both be true at the same time under the same conditions. 모순 부재 means absence of contradiction.

Contradictory:

모든 자료를 공개해야 한다. 그러나 어떤 자료도 공개하면 안 된다.

All materials must be disclosed. However, no materials should be disclosed. 📄

Consistent with a condition:

일반 자료는 공개하되, 개인정보가 포함된 자료는 보호해야 한다.

General materials should be disclosed, but materials containing personal information should be protected. 🔐

The second version avoids contradiction by clearly separating the conditions.

4. 타당성 — validity or reasonable support ⚖️

타당성 asks whether the conclusion follows from the premises. A statement may sound fancy, but if the conclusion jumps beyond the evidence, the reasoning is weak.

Weak:

이 제품은 광고에 자주 나온다. 따라서 품질이 가장 우수하다.

This product appears often in advertisements. Therefore, its quality is the best. 📺

Stronger:

이 제품은 내구성 시험에서 높은 점수를 받았다. 따라서 품질이 우수하다고 볼 수 있다.

This product received high scores in durability tests. Therefore, it can be considered high quality. 🧪

The stronger version uses evidence that actually supports the conclusion.

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

Pattern 1: 전제와 결론이 연결되다 — the premise and conclusion are connected 🔗

이 논증은 전제와 결론이 자연스럽게 연결되어 있어 논리적 일관성이 있다.

This argument has logical consistency because the premise and conclusion are naturally connected. 🧭

Notes: 자연스럽게 means “naturally,” and 연결되다 means “to be connected.”

Pattern 2: 주장이 서로 충돌하다 — claims conflict with each other 💥

앞의 주장은 뒤의 주장과 충돌하므로 모순이 발생한다.

The earlier claim conflicts with the later claim, so a contradiction occurs. 🚧

Notes: 앞의 means “earlier,” 뒤의 means “later,” and 충돌하다 means “to collide or conflict.”

Pattern 3: 근거에서 결론이 도출되다 — a conclusion is drawn from evidence 🧪

제시된 근거에서 결론이 충분히 도출되지 않으므로 타당성이 약하다.

The validity is weak because the conclusion is not sufficiently drawn from the presented evidence. ⚖️

Notes: 제시되다 means “to be presented,” 충분히 means “sufficiently,” and 도출되다 means “to be derived or drawn.”

🧩 General Formation Rule

This is a vocabulary-and-reading skill lesson, so there is no conjugation exception to memorize. Instead, use this reading formation rule:

Argument consistency check = claim + premise + evidence + conclusion + condition check

Find the 주장 (claim).

Identify the 전제 (premise or assumption).

Check the 근거 (reason/evidence).

Compare the 결론 (conclusion).

Ask whether any condition, exception, or wording creates 모순 (contradiction). 🧭

Useful sentence frames:

이 논증은 논리적 일관성이 있다. → This argument has logical consistency.

이 주장은 앞의 전제와 모순된다. → This claim contradicts the earlier premise.

근거가 부족하여 결론의 타당성이 약하다. → The conclusion’s validity is weak because the evidence is insufficient.

예외 조건이 명확하여 모순 부재가 확보된다. → The absence of contradiction is secured because the exception condition is clear.

📚 Cross-check note

The vocabulary and usage in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr, including usage around 논증, 타당성, 일관성, and academic writing evaluation language. ✅

🪞 Synonym Alert

논리적 일관성 → logical consistency; common in academic analysis and evaluation writing.

일관성 → consistency; broader and can describe behavior, policy, tone, or logic.

모순 부재 → absence of contradiction; formal and analytical.

앞뒤가 맞다 → to make sense, to be coherent; everyday expression.

타당성 → validity or reasonableness; formal, academic, and policy-related.

설득력 → persuasiveness; focuses on how convincing the argument feels, not only whether it is logically valid.

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

❌ 논리적 일관성 = “the argument is true” → ✅ It means the parts do not contradict each other; truth is a separate question. 🧭

❌ 타당성 = “I personally agree” → ✅ It means the conclusion is reasonably supported by the premises. ⚖️

❌ 예외 always creates 모순 → ✅ A clearly limited exception can preserve consistency. 🔐

❌ A fancy connector like 따라서 proves the logic → ✅ Connectors signal reasoning, but the evidence still has to support the conclusion. 🔗

❌ Hidden assumptions do not matter → ✅ A hidden 전제 can quietly carry the whole argument like a tiny forklift. 🏗️

🎉 Once you can separate 모순, 전제, and 타당성, academic Korean arguments become less like fog and more like a map. 🗺️

Try this exercise

Instructions: Read each short Korean argument and choose the best missing analysis term. Say the completed sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the reasoning. 🧠

1. 주장과 결론이 서로 맞지 않으므로 ＿＿＿＿이 발생한다.

The claim and conclusion do not match each other, so a contradiction occurs. 💥

Answer

모순 — The sentence says the parts do not match, so the problem is contradiction.

2. 근거가 결론을 충분히 뒷받침하므로 ＿＿＿＿이 높다.

The evidence sufficiently supports the conclusion, so the validity is high. ⚖️

Answer

타당성 — When support and conclusion match well, the argument has stronger validity.

3. 이 논증은 앞뒤가 맞아 ＿＿＿＿을 유지한다.

This argument makes sense from beginning to end, so it maintains logical consistency. 🧭

Answer

논리적 일관성 — 앞뒤가 맞다 means the parts fit together coherently.

4. 결론은 숨겨진 ＿＿＿＿에 의존하고 있다.

The conclusion depends on a hidden premise. 🔍

Answer

전제 — A hidden starting assumption is a premise.

5. 예외 조건이 분명하므로 ＿＿＿＿가 확보된다.

Because the exception condition is clear, absence of contradiction is secured. 🔐

Answer

모순 부재 — A clearly limited exception can prevent contradiction.

6. 자료가 부족한데 결론이 너무 강하므로 ＿＿＿＿이 약하다.

The data is insufficient but the conclusion is too strong, so the validity is weak. 📊

Answer

타당성 — Weak support for a strong conclusion weakens validity.

7. 두 주장이 동시에 참일 수 없기 때문에 ＿＿＿＿이라고 볼 수 있다.

Because the two claims cannot both be true at the same time, it can be seen as a contradiction. ⚔️

Answer

모순 — Claims that cannot both be true create contradiction.

8. 근거와 결론의 연결 관계를 따지는 과정이 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The process of examining the connection between evidence and conclusion is argumentation. 🧱

Answer

논증 — Argumentation links claims, reasons, and conclusions.

9. 광고가 많다는 사실만으로 품질이 최고라는 ＿＿＿＿을 내릴 수는 없다.

One cannot draw the conclusion that quality is the best only from the fact that there are many advertisements. 📺

Answer

결론 — The sentence discusses what judgment can or cannot be drawn.

10. 정책의 효과를 주장하려면 충분한 ＿＿＿＿가 필요하다.

To argue for a policy’s effect, sufficient evidence is needed. 📑

Answer

근거 — Evidence or reasons support the claim.

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Vocabulary Box

논증 → argumentation; reasoning process

주장 → claim

근거 → evidence; reason

결론 → conclusion

전제 → premise; assumption

모순 → contradiction

모순 부재 → absence of contradiction

논리적 일관성 → logical consistency

타당성 → validity; reasonableness

확보되다 → to be secured

뒷받침하다 → to support

Tips 💡

모순 is a clash.

타당성 is support quality.

전제 is the starting assumption.

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Want more reps? The Practice Hub below will turn your logic goggles into reading superpowers. 🕶️

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🎯 Practice Hub — The Logical Consistency of Arguments

Welcome to your argument-consistency gym. 🏋️‍♀️ Here you’ll practice identifying 논증, spotting 모순, separating 논리적 일관성 from 타당성, and catching hidden 전제 before they sneak away in tiny academic sneakers. 👟

🔊 Audio reminder: Use

Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a term or full sentence.

📝 Instructions: Complete each sentence or choose the best analysis term. Read the Korean line carefully, decide what role the missing word plays in the argument, then open the Answer toggle to check the logic.

Exercise 1 — Core Vocabulary Matching 🧩

A. 주장을 이유로 뒷받침하는 과정은 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The process of supporting a claim with reasons is argumentation. 🧱

Answer

논증 — The sentence defines the reasoning process that connects a claim and reasons.

B. 논증의 출발점이 되는 생각은 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The idea that becomes the starting point of an argument is a premise. 🚪

Answer

전제 — A premise is the starting assumption or base of the reasoning.

C. 주장을 뒷받침하는 이유나 자료는 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The reason or data that supports a claim is evidence. 📑

Answer

근거 — 근거 supports a claim or conclusion.

D. 논증을 통해 마지막에 이르는 판단은 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The judgment reached at the end through argumentation is a conclusion. 🏁

Answer

결론 — A conclusion is the final judgment reached through reasoning.

E. 두 주장이 동시에 참일 수 없으면 ＿＿＿＿이 생긴다.

If two claims cannot both be true at the same time, a contradiction occurs. ⚔️

Answer

모순 — Incompatible claims create contradiction.

F. 주장들이 서로 충돌하지 않는 상태는 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The state in which claims do not conflict with each other is absence of contradiction. 🕊️

Answer

모순 부재 — No clash among claims means absence of contradiction.

G. 앞뒤의 생각이 어긋나지 않는 성질은 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The quality of ideas not clashing from beginning to end is logical consistency. 🧭

Answer

논리적 일관성 — 앞뒤가 어긋나지 않다 points to consistency.

H. 근거가 결론을 제대로 지지하는 정도는 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The degree to which evidence properly supports a conclusion is validity. ⚖️

Answer

타당성 — Validity concerns whether the reasoning supports the conclusion.

I. 상황을 제한하여 모순을 피하게 하는 말은 ＿＿＿＿ 조건이다.

A phrase that limits the situation and helps avoid contradiction is an exception condition. 🔐

Answer

예외 — A clear exception condition can prevent a rule from contradicting itself.

J. 읽는 사람이 직접 찾아야 하는 전제는 ＿＿＿＿ 전제이다.

A premise that the reader must find directly is a hidden premise. 🕵️

Answer

숨겨진 — A hidden premise is not stated openly but supports the conclusion.

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Vocabulary Box

논증 → argumentation

주장 → claim

이유 → reason

자료 → data; material

근거 → evidence; support

결론 → conclusion

전제 → premise

모순 → contradiction

모순 부재 → absence of contradiction

논리적 일관성 → logical consistency

타당성 → validity

예외 → exception

숨겨진 → hidden

Tip 💡 Match each term to its job: starting point, support, ending judgment, clash, or support quality.

Exercise 2 — Premise, Evidence, Conclusion 🔍

A. 도서관 이용 시간이 늘면 독서량도 늘어난다는 말은 이 논증의 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The statement that reading volume increases if library hours increase is the premise of this argument. 📚

Answer

전제 — It is the starting assumption that the argument depends on.

B. 실험 결과가 주장을 뒷받침하므로 중요한 ＿＿＿＿가 된다.

Because the experiment result supports the claim, it becomes important evidence. 🧪

Answer

근거 — Experiment results can serve as evidence or support.

C. 여러 이유를 종합하여 마지막에 내린 판단은 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The judgment made at the end after combining several reasons is a conclusion. 🧺

Answer

결론 — The final judgment after reasoning is the conclusion.

D. 보고서는 자료가 부족하므로 정책 확대를 보류해야 한다는 ＿＿＿＿을 제시했다.

The report presented the conclusion that policy expansion should be postponed because the data is insufficient. 🗂️

Answer

결론 — 보류해야 한다 is the final judgment being presented.

E. 응답자 수가 많다는 사실은 설문 결과를 믿을 만하게 하는 ＿＿＿＿이다.

The fact that there are many respondents is evidence that makes the survey result more trustworthy. 📊

Answer

근거 — A large respondent count supports the survey result.

F. 가격이 낮아지면 수요가 늘어난다는 ＿＿＿＿가 맞아야 결론도 설득력을 얻는다.

The premise that demand increases if price decreases must be right for the conclusion to become persuasive. 🏷️

Answer

전제 — The conclusion depends on this starting assumption.

G. 논문은 기존 연구를 ＿＿＿＿로 삼아 새로운 주장을 전개했다.

The paper used previous studies as evidence and developed a new claim. 📖

Answer

근거 — Previous studies can support a new argument.

H. 필자는 결국 도시 숲을 늘려야 한다는 ＿＿＿＿에 도달했다.

The writer eventually reached the conclusion that urban forests should be expanded. 🌳

Answer

결론 — 도달하다 means “to reach,” often used with a conclusion.

I. 이 주장은 시민들이 정보를 충분히 이해한다는 ＿＿＿＿를 깔고 있다.

This claim rests on the premise that citizens sufficiently understand the information. 🗞️

Answer

전제 — 깔고 있다 means the assumption sits underneath the claim.

J. 통계 자료 없이 결론을 내리면 ＿＿＿＿가 약해진다.

If a conclusion is drawn without statistical data, the evidence becomes weak. 📉

Answer

근거 — Statistical data would be the support; without it, the support is weak.

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Vocabulary Box

도서관 → library

이용 시간 → usage hours

독서량 → amount of reading

실험 결과 → experiment result

보고서 → report

정책 확대 → policy expansion

보류하다 → to postpone

응답자 수 → number of respondents

수요 → demand

논문 → academic paper

기존 연구 → previous research

도시 숲 → urban forest

통계 자료 → statistical data

Tip 💡 Ask: Is this the starting assumption, the support, or the final judgment?

Exercise 3 — Contradiction Patrol ⚔️

A. 모든 회의는 비공개라고 하면서 누구나 참석할 수 있다고 하면 ＿＿＿＿이다.

If one says all meetings are private but anyone can attend, it is a contradiction. 🚪

Answer

모순 — “Private” and “anyone can attend” conflict without a condition.

B. 일반 회원은 참석할 수 있지만 외부인은 제한된다고 하면 ＿＿＿＿가 가능하다.

If general members can attend but outsiders are restricted, absence of contradiction is possible. 🪪

Answer

모순 부재 — The condition separates members and outsiders, so the claims can fit.

C. 모든 비용을 줄여야 한다면서 광고비를 무조건 늘리자고 하면 ＿＿＿＿이 생긴다.

If one says all costs must be reduced while insisting advertising costs must be increased unconditionally, a contradiction occurs. 💸

Answer

모순 — Reducing all costs conflicts with increasing one cost without qualification.

D. 필수 지출은 유지하고 낭비성 지출만 줄이자고 하면 ＿＿＿＿를 유지할 수 있다.

If one says essential spending should be maintained while only wasteful spending is reduced, logical consistency can be maintained. 🧾

Answer

논리적 일관성 — The distinction between essential and wasteful spending keeps the argument coherent.

E. 모든 학생에게 같은 기준을 적용하자면서 일부 학생을 아무 기준 없이 제외하면 ＿＿＿＿이다.

If one says the same standard should apply to all students but excludes some students with no standard, it is a contradiction. 🎓

Answer

모순 — Same standard for all conflicts with standardless exclusion.

F. 질병이 있는 학생에게 별도 평가를 제공한다고 하면 ＿＿＿＿ 조건이 분명하다.

If a separate evaluation is provided to students with illness, the exception condition is clear. 🩺

Answer

예외 — Illness is the limited exception condition.

G. 개인정보는 보호하고 연구 통계는 공개한다고 하면 ＿＿＿＿이 없다.

If personal information is protected and research statistics are disclosed, there is no contradiction. 🔐

Answer

모순 — The complete phrase is “there is no contradiction”; the categories are separated clearly.

H. 규칙을 강화하자면서 규칙 위반을 모두 허용하자고 하면 ＿＿＿＿이 발생한다.

If one says rules should be strengthened while all rule violations should be allowed, a contradiction occurs. 🚦

Answer

모순 — Strengthening rules conflicts with allowing every violation.

I. 원칙과 예외의 범위를 구분하면 ＿＿＿＿가 확보된다.

If the scope of the principle and exception is distinguished, absence of contradiction is secured. 🧭

Answer

모순 부재 — Clear scope prevents the exception from clashing with the principle.

J. 앞 문장과 뒤 문장이 같은 기준을 따를 때 ＿＿＿＿이 높아진다.

When the earlier and later sentences follow the same standard, logical consistency increases. 📏

Answer

논리적 일관성 — Same standard across the argument supports consistency.

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Vocabulary Box

회의 → meeting

비공개 → private; closed

참석하다 → to attend

일반 회원 → general member

외부인 → outsider

비용 → cost

광고비 → advertising cost

필수 지출 → essential spending

낭비성 지출 → wasteful spending

기준 → standard

별도 평가 → separate evaluation

개인정보 → personal information

연구 통계 → research statistics

원칙 → principle

범위 → scope

Tip 💡 A condition can rescue an argument from contradiction if the categories are clearly separated.

Exercise 4 — Validity and Support Quality ⚖️

A. 유명인이 추천했다는 이유만으로 효과가 입증되었다고 하면 ＿＿＿＿이 약하다.

If one says effectiveness is proven only because a celebrity recommended it, the validity is weak. 🌟

Answer

타당성 — Celebrity recommendation does not adequately support proven effectiveness.

B. 임상 자료가 결론을 뒷받침하면 논증의 ＿＿＿＿이 높아진다.

If clinical data supports the conclusion, the argument’s validity increases. 🧬

Answer

타당성 — Strong relevant evidence improves validity.

C. 자료가 한 도시에서만 나왔는데 전국에 적용하면 결론이 ＿＿＿＿을 넘어서게 된다.

If data came from only one city but is applied nationwide, the conclusion goes beyond the evidence. 🏙️

Answer

근거 — The conclusion is broader than what the evidence supports.

D. 표본 수가 충분하면 연구 결과의 ＿＿＿＿가 강해질 수 있다.

If the sample size is sufficient, the validity of the research result can become stronger. 📊

Answer

타당성 — Adequate sample size can strengthen support for a conclusion.

E. 개인의 경험만으로 사회 전체를 판단하면 ＿＿＿＿가 부족하다.

If society as a whole is judged only from personal experience, the evidence is insufficient. 🧍

Answer

근거 — Personal experience alone is usually too narrow as evidence.

F. 원인과 결과의 연결이 불분명하면 ＿＿＿＿이 떨어진다.

If the connection between cause and result is unclear, validity decreases. 🔗

Answer

타당성 — Weak cause-result connection weakens reasoning quality.

G. 조사 대상이 다양하면 결론을 지지하는 ＿＿＿＿가 넓어진다.

If the survey subjects are diverse, the evidence supporting the conclusion becomes broader. 🌍

Answer

근거 — Diversity in subjects can broaden the evidential basis.

H. 감정적인 표현이 많아도 이유가 부족하면 ＿＿＿＿은 낮을 수 있다.

Even if there are many emotional expressions, validity may be low if reasons are insufficient. ❤️

Answer

타당성 — Emotional force is not the same as valid support.

I. 결론이 근거에서 자연스럽게 나오면 ＿＿＿＿이 확보된다.

If the conclusion naturally comes from the evidence, validity is secured. 🌱

Answer

타당성 — The conclusion follows from the support.

J. 통계가 오래되었다면 그 통계를 ＿＿＿＿로 사용할 때 조심해야 한다.

If the statistics are old, one should be careful when using those statistics as evidence. ⏳

Answer

근거 — Outdated statistics may not be reliable support.

📚

Vocabulary Box

유명인 → celebrity

추천하다 → to recommend

효과 → effect

입증되다 → to be proven

임상 자료 → clinical data

한 도시 → one city

전국 → the whole country

표본 수 → sample size

개인의 경험 → personal experience

사회 전체 → society as a whole

원인과 결과 → cause and result

조사 대상 → survey subject

감정적인 표현 → emotional expression

통계 → statistics

Tip 💡 타당성 rises when evidence is relevant, sufficient, and not stretched too far.

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. 앞뒤가 맞는 주장은 반드시 사실이다.

A claim that is internally consistent is necessarily true. 🧭

Answer

❌ Not necessarily. Logical consistency means no internal contradiction, but the premises can still be factually false.

B. 근거가 결론을 지지하지 못하면 타당성이 약하다.

If the evidence cannot support the conclusion, validity is weak. ⚖️

Answer

✅ Correct. 타당성 depends on whether the conclusion follows from the support.

C. 예외가 있으면 언제나 모순이다.

If there is an exception, it is always a contradiction. 🚨

Answer

❌ Not always. A clearly limited 예외 조건 can preserve 모순 부재.

D. 따라서라는 말이 있으면 논증은 자동으로 타당하다.

If the word “therefore” appears, the argument is automatically valid. 🔗

Answer

❌ Nope. 따라서 signals a conclusion, but the evidence still has to support it.

E. 숨겨진 전제가 틀리면 결론도 약해질 수 있다.

If a hidden premise is wrong, the conclusion can also become weak. 🕵️

Answer

✅ Correct. A hidden 전제 can carry the argument quietly; if it fails, the conclusion weakens.

F. 모든 정보를 공개해야 한다면서 민감한 정보는 보호해야 한다고 하면 조건 설명이 필요하다.

If one says all information must be disclosed but sensitive information must be protected, condition explanation is needed. 🔐

Answer

✅ Correct. Clarifying categories such as general information versus sensitive information prevents 모순.

G. 광고가 많다는 사실은 품질이 최고라는 결론의 충분한 근거이다.

The fact that there are many advertisements is sufficient evidence for the conclusion that quality is the best. 📺

Answer

❌ Weak. Advertising frequency is not enough to prove product quality; test results or reliable reviews would be stronger 근거.

H. 원칙과 예외의 범위가 분명하면 논리적 일관성을 유지할 수 있다.

If the scope of the principle and exception is clear, logical consistency can be maintained. 📏

Answer

✅ Correct. Clear scope allows the rule and exception to fit without contradiction.

I. 결론이 근거보다 지나치게 넓으면 타당성이 약해진다.

If the conclusion is much broader than the evidence, validity becomes weak. 🌍

Answer

✅ Correct. This is a classic overreach problem: the conclusion jumps beyond the evidence.

J. 논증을 읽을 때 전제, 근거, 결론을 따로 확인해야 한다.

When reading an argument, one should check the premise, evidence, and conclusion separately. 🧠

Answer

✅ Correct. Separating these parts helps you find 모순 and judge 타당성.

📚

Vocabulary Box

앞뒤가 맞다 → to be coherent; to make sense

반드시 → necessarily

사실 → fact; truth

지지하다 → to support

언제나 → always

따라서 → therefore

자동으로 → automatically

틀리다 → to be wrong

민감한 정보 → sensitive information

조건 설명 → condition explanation

품질 → quality

충분한 → sufficient

지나치게 넓다 → to be overly broad

따로 확인하다 → to check separately

Tip 💡 Final patrol: consistency is not truth, exceptions are not automatically contradictions, and connectors are not proof.

🎉 You’ve finished the logic patrol! Now you can read academic Korean arguments with sharper eyes: find the 전제, test the 근거, inspect the 결론, and keep 모순 from sneaking through the side door. 🚪