TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งญ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ means reliability: a system keeps working consistently, safely, and predictably.
- โ๏ธ Automated-system Korean often combines ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ, ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, ์์ ์ฑ, ๊ฒ์ฆ, ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ, and ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ.
- โ๏ธ Strong advanced wording balances convenience with risk: not โautomation is perfect,โ but โreliability must be secured and verified.โ
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Open Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a phrase like ์๋ํ ์์คํ
์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ or ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค read aloud. Paste the full Korean sentence into the widget and listen for the rhythm of long noun phrases.
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๐ The Big Picture
Automated systems are everywhere: navigation apps ๐, hospital screening tools ๐ฅ, payment systems ๐ณ, recommendation feeds ๐ฑ, factory robots ๐ญ, and customer-service chat systems ๐ฌ. Advanced Korean discusses these systems with abstract nouns, so the lesson goal is to make those noun-heavy chunks feel natural instead of foggy.
The central word is ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ = reliability. It is not the same as personal trust. ์ ๋ขฐ can mean emotional or social trust; ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ means the quality of being dependable, especially for data, methods, systems, evidence, and technology.
For automated systems, reliability usually depends on four connected ideas: accurate decisions, low error risk, verified safety, and clear responsibility when something goes wrong. In Korean, those ideas often appear as compact noun phrases like ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (possibility of error occurring) or ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ (where responsibility lies).
๐จ The Core Reliability Vocabulary Family
- ์๋ํ ์์คํ = automated system. Use it with ๋์ ํ๋ค (to introduce/adopt), ์ด์ํ๋ค (to operate), and ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค (to manage).
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ = reliability. Natural partners: ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค (improve reliability), ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค (secure reliability), ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (verify reliability).
- ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ = algorithm. Pair it with ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค (decision criteria), ํธํฅ (bias), ์๊ณก (distortion), and ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ (operating method).
- ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = possibility of error. For a slightly more formal phrase, use ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = possibility that an error will occur.
- ์์ ์ฑ = safety as a quality/degree. Use it for technical systems: ์์ ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค (secure safety), ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (verify safety).
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ = transparency. This often means users can understand why a system produced a result.
- ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ = responsibility/accountability: who is responsible when harm or error occurs.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์๋ํ ์์คํ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. โ To secure the reliability of an automated system, the possibility of errors must be reduced in advance. ๐งฏ
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means โsecure/ensure,โ and ์ฌ์ ์ means โin advance.โ
- ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ถํฌ๋ช ํ๋ฉด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ขฐํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. โ If an algorithmโs decision criteria are opaque, users have difficulty trusting the result. ๐
- ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค = decision criteria; ๋ถํฌ๋ช ํ๋ค = opaque/not transparent.
- ์์ ์ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ง ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ธํ๊ฒ ๋์ ํ๋ฉด ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช ํด์ง ์ ์๋ค. โ If a technology whose safety has not been sufficiently verified is introduced hastily, responsibility may become unclear. โ ๏ธ
- ์ฑ๊ธํ๊ฒ = hastily; ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช ํด์ง๋ค = become unclear.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Advanced technical Korean often builds meaning by stacking nouns:
- ์๋ํ ์์คํ + ์ + ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ ์๋ํ ์์คํ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (the reliability of automated systems)
- ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ + ์ + ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค โ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค (an algorithmโs decision criteria)
- ์ค๋ฅ + ๋ฐ์ + ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (possibility of error occurrence)
- ์ฑ ์ + ์์ฌ โ ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ (where responsibility lies)
The grammar is ordinary noun linking, not an exception. The advanced skill is choosing natural pairings: ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค, ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค, ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค, ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค.
๐ Cross-check note
The key Korean vocabulary, noun pairings, and technical-style collocations in this lesson were cross-checked against usage patterns available through the National Institute of Korean Language and ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ resources at korean.go.kr. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ ๋ขฐ = trust, confidence; often personal or social. ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ = reliability as an objective quality.
- ์์ = safety in a broad sense. ์์ ์ฑ = degree/quality of safety, especially in technical or policy writing.
- ์ค๋ฅ = error in data, logic, calculation, or a system. ์ค์ = a human mistake.
- ํธํฅ = bias. ์๊ณก = distortion. Bias can cause distorted results.
- ์ฑ ์ = responsibility. ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ = where responsibility lies, especially after a problem.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์๋ํ ์์คํ ์ ๋ฏฟ์ผ๋ฉด ๋๋ค. โ โ ์๋ํ ์์คํ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค. (Advanced writing needs verification, not blind trust.)
- โ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ํ๋๊น ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ โ ์๋ํ๋์ด๋ ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋จ์ ์๋ค. (Automation reduces some errors but does not remove all risk.)
- โ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํญ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ด๋ค. โ โ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ํธํฅ๋๋ฉด ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ๋ ์๊ณก๋ ์ ์๋ค. (Algorithms can reflect biased data.)
- โ ์์ ๋ง ํ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋๋ค. โ โ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค. (Technical evaluation needs both safety and reliability.)
- โ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ์ฑ ์์ง๋ค. โ โ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ ๋ ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช ํํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. (Accountability must be defined clearly.)
Nice work โ this vocabulary lets you discuss technology without sounding like a robot describing another robot. ๐คโจ
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Try this exercise
Practice completing advanced Korean sentences about automated-system reliability. Choose the most natural word or phrase for each blank, say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ์๋ํ ์์คํ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
The reliability of automated systems requires repeated verification. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค is the natural technical pairing for โsecure reliability.โ
2. ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ํ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์น์ฐ์น๋ฉด ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
If data leans to one side, algorithmic bias can occur. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํธํฅ โ ํธํฅ means bias; biased data can influence an algorithm.
3. ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋จผ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
In medicine, the safety of a technology must be verified first. ๐ฅ
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ ์์ ์ฑ is the quality/degree of safety in technical contexts.
4. ํ๋จ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค.
If the decision process is opaque, trust in the result decreases. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ Here the sentence describes user trust, so ์ ๋ขฐ is natural.
5. ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
They strengthened pre-check procedures to reduce errors. ๐งช
Answer
์ ๊ฒ โ ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฒ means pre-checking/inspection.
6. ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If a problem occurs, accountability must be clarified. ๐
Answer
์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ โ This phrase asks where responsibility lies.
7. ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณต๊ฐํด์ผ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ค.
The algorithmโs decision criteria must be disclosed so users can understand the result. ๐ง
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค = decision criteria.
8. ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ง ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ธํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด ์ํ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ค.
If an unverified technology is adopted hastily, risk increases. ๐ง
Answer
๋์
โ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋์
ํ๋ค means to introduce/adopt technology.
9. ์๋ํ๋์ด๋ ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
Even if something is automated, the possibility of error cannot be completely eliminated. ๐งฏ
Answer
์ ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ค means to eliminate a possibility.
10. ์์คํ
์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋ค.
The higher the transparency of the systemโs operating method, the easier it is for users to accept the result. ๐ช
Answer
ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ โ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ means transparency, especially in decision processes.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ํธํฅ โ bias
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety as a quality
- ์ ๋ขฐ โ trust
- ์ ๊ฒ โ check/inspection
- ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ โ where responsibility lies
- ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค โ decision criteria
- ๋์ โ introduction/adoption
- ์ ๊ฑฐ โ elimination
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ transparency
Tip ๐ก Match abstract nouns with their natural verbs: ํ๋ณดํ๋ค, ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค, ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค, ๋ช
ํํ ํ๋ค.
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready!
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Reliability of Automated Systems
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Welcome to your reliability workout for automated systems. ๐ฐ๏ธ Youโll practice the vocabulary that makes advanced Korean sound precise: ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ, ์์ ์ฑ, ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ, and ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ. By the end, your sentences will sound less like โtechnology good/badโ and more like โrisk, verification, and accountability are connected.โ Very elegant. Very serious. Still a little sparkly. โจ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a full sentence or noun phrase.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best word or phrase. Read the whole sentence aloud, check whether the collocation sounds natural, then open the Answer toggle for the reason.
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Exercise 1 โ Reliability Collocations ๐งญ
A. ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์์คํ
์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The new payment system must have its reliability sufficiently verified before launch. ๐ณ
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค means to verify reliability.
B. ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋๋ฉด ์์คํ
์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง๋ค.
If it operates stably for a long time, the systemโs reliability improves. ๐ญ
Answer
๋์ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค = reliability becomes higher.
C. ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ค๋ฅ๋ ์๋ํ ์์คํ
์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋จ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค.
Repeated errors can lower the reliability of an automated system. ๐งฏ
Answer
๋จ์ด โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ค means to reduce reliability.
D. ์ธ๋ถ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ ์์คํ
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ๋ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
External audits help secure system reliability. ๐
Answer
๋์ โ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค = to be helpful.
E. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ผ๊ด๋ ๋ ์๋ํ ์๋น์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋ค.
Users are likely to have trust in an automated service when results are consistent. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ Use ์ ๋ขฐ for user trust; use ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ for system reliability.
F. ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฌธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค.
The tech company disclosed data to resolve doubts about reliability. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํด์ํ โ ์๋ฌธ์ ํด์ํ๋ค = to resolve doubts.
G. ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
A model with low reliability is difficult to use for important decisions. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋งก๊ธฐ โ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋ค means to entrust a decision.
H. ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์์คํ
์ด ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋์ง ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
Operation records show whether the system operated stably. ๐
Answer
์๋ โ ์๋ํ๋ค = to operate/function.
I. ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํ๋จ ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To improve reliability, not only results but also the decision process must be reviewed. ๐
Answer
๊ฒํ โ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค = to review/examine.
J. ์๋ํ ์์คํ
์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํจ๋ณด๋ค ๋จผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The reliability of automated systems must be considered before convenience. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋๋ค = to be considered.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify
- ๋์์ง๋ค โ to become higher
- ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to lower
- ๋์ โ help
- ์ ๋ขฐ โ trust
- ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve
- ๋งก๊ธฐ๋ค โ to entrust
- ์๋ํ๋ค โ to operate
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to review
- ๊ณ ๋ ค๋๋ค โ to be considered
Tip ๐ก Reliability sentences love verbs like ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค, ํ๋ณดํ๋ค, ๋์ด๋ค, and ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค.
Exercise 2 โ Algorithms, Criteria, and Transparency ๐
A. ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If the algorithmโs decision criteria are not disclosed, users have difficulty accepting the result. ๐ง
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค = decision criteria.
B. ์ค๋ช
๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
Explainable algorithms increase transparency in decision-making. ๐ช
Answer
ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ โ Transparency lets users understand how results were produced.
C. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋จ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If data is insufficient, the algorithmโs judgment may be distorted. ๐งฉ
Answer
์๊ณก โ ์๊ณก๋๋ค = to be distorted.
D. ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํธํฅ์ ์๋ํ๋ ์ถ์ฒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค.
Data bias can influence automated recommendation results. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ํฅ โ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ค = to affect/influence.
E. ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ด ์ด๋ค ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋์ง ์ค๋ช
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Developers must explain how the algorithm operates. โ๏ธ
Answer
์๋ โ ์๋ํ๋ค = to operate/function.
F. ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์์ฃผ ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If decision criteria change often, result consistency can become lower. ๐
Answer
๋ฎ์ โ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค = consistency decreases.
G. ๊ณต์ ํ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๋ง๋ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ํธํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ํ๋ค.
To make a fair algorithm, data bias must be reduced. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ค์ฌ โ ํธํฅ์ ์ค์ด๋ค = reduce bias.
H. ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋จ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ฒ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The decision process was presented transparently so users could understand the result. ๐ฆ
Answer
ํฌ๋ช
โ ํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ์ ์ํ๋ค = present transparently.
I. ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํธํฅ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊พธ์คํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To find algorithmic bias, results must be monitored steadily. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค = to monitor.
J. ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
An opaque model makes responsible operation difficult. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ด์ โ ์ด์ = operation/management of a system.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ โ algorithm
- ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค โ decision criteria
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ค โ to be disclosed
- ๋ฉ๋ํ๋ค โ to accept/understand
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ transparency
- ์๊ณก๋๋ค โ to be distorted
- ํธํฅ โ bias
- ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ค โ to influence
- ์๋ํ๋ค โ to operate
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to monitor
- ์ด์ โ operation
Tip ๐ก For algorithm discussion, pair ํ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ค with ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค, and ํธํฅ with ์ค์ด๋ค or ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค.
Exercise 3 โ Error Risk and Safety ๐งฏ
A. ์๋ํ๋์ด๋ ์ค๋ฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์์ ํ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ง ์๋๋ค.
Even when automated, the possibility of error does not completely disappear. ๐งฏ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = possibility of error.
B. ์ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ณ์์ ๋์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Before introducing a new device into a hospital, its safety must be verified. ๐ฅ
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค is a core technical collocation.
C. ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฒ์ ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
Pre-checking is effective in reducing the possibility of errors occurring. ๐งช
Answer
์ค์ด โ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๋ค = reduce possibility.
D. ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ฐํํ๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
If safety standards are strengthened, accidents can be prevented. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง โ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค = prevent accidents.
E. ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ฉด ์์คํ
์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If errors repeat, a system stability problem may be raised. ๐ฃ
Answer
์ ๊ธฐ โ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ค = a problem is raised.
F. ์๋ํ ์ฐจ๋์ ๋๋ก ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Automated vehicles must accurately predict variables in road conditions. ๐
Answer
์์ธก โ ์์ธกํ๋ค = to predict.
G. ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์คํ ์์ด ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ๋ฉด ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If a service launches without sufficient testing, risk is difficult to control. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํต์ โ ์ํ์ ํต์ ํ๋ค = to control risk.
H. ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ค๋ฉด ์
๋ ฅ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To lower the possibility of errors, input data must be checked regularly. ๐
Answer
์ ๊ฒ โ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒํ๋ค = check data.
I. ์์ ์ฑ์ด ํ๋ณด๋์ง ์์ ์์คํ
์ ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
A system whose safety is not secured is difficult to apply to public services. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ฉ โ ์๋น์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ๋ค = apply to a service.
J. ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํ์ํ์ง๋ง ์์ ์ฑ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Technological development is necessary, but securing safety must come first. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ฐ์ โ ์ฐ์ ๋๋ค = to take priority.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility of error
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety as a quality
- ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify
- ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฒ โ pre-check
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค โ to prevent
- ์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ค โ to be raised
- ์์ธกํ๋ค โ to predict
- ํต์ ํ๋ค โ to control
- ์ ์ฉํ๋ค โ to apply
- ์ฐ์ ๋๋ค โ to take priority
Tip ๐ก Safety writing often uses passive-style forms: ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค, ํ๋ณด๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค, ์ฐ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Exercise 4 โ Responsibility and Accountability ๐
A. ์๋ํ ์์คํ
์ด ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ์ ๋ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When an automated system causes harm, responsibility must be clarified. ๐
Answer
์์ฌ โ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ = where responsibility lies.
B. ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ์ ๋ ์ฑ
์์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Without management standards, responsibility may become unclear when a problem occurs. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ๋ถ๋ช
โ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช
ํด์ง๋ค = become unclear.
C. ๊ธฐ์
์ ์๋ํ ๋๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฑ
์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Companies must bear management responsibility for the results of automated tools. ๐ข
Answer
์ ธ โ ์ฑ
์์ ์ง๋ค = to take/bear responsibility.
D. ์ฑ
์์ ํํผํ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง๋ค.
If responsibility is avoided, social trust in technology decreases. ๐
Answer
๋ฎ์ โ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค = trust decreases.
E. ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ค์๋ ์์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ๋ง์์ผ ํ๋ค.
After an error occurs, the cause must be identified and recurrence prevented. ๐
Answer
๋ฐํ โ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค = identify/reveal the cause.
F. ์ฑ
์ ์๋ ์ด์์ ์ํด ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Supervision procedures were strengthened for responsible operation. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค = strengthen procedures.
G. ํผํด์๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฑ
์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For victims to receive relief, the responsible party must be clear. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ช
ํ โ ๋ช
ํํ๋ค = clear.
H. ์๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ด์ฌํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ฑ
์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
Responsibility cannot be avoided just because no person was involved in the automated decision. ๐ค
Answer
ํํผ โ ์ฑ
์์ ํํผํ๋ค = avoid responsibility.
I. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํจ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ
์์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policy must consider both technological convenience and social responsibility. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค = consider together.
J. ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ฉด ๋จ์ํ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ฒฐํจ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If problems repeat, they may be viewed as structural defects rather than simple errors. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ฐ์ฃผ โ ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค = to be regarded as.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ โ where responsibility lies
- ํผํด โ harm/damage
- ๋ช ํํ ํ๋ค โ to clarify
- ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช ํด์ง๋ค โ to become unclear
- ์ฑ ์์ ์ง๋ค โ to bear responsibility
- ์ฑ ์์ ํํผํ๋ค โ to avoid responsibility
- ์์ธ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to identify the cause
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ๋ช ํํ๋ค โ to be clear
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค โ to be regarded as
Tip ๐ก Accountability writing often asks: ๋๊ฐ ์ฑ
์์ ์ง๋๊ฐ? (Who bears responsibility?)
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์๋ํ ์์คํ
์ ํญ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ด๋ค. โ
๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ํธํฅ๋๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If data is biased, results can be distorted. โ๏ธ
Answer
์๊ณก โ Pitfall check: algorithms are not automatically objective; biased data can distort results.
B. โ ํธ๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค. โ
ํธ๋ฆฌํจ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋จผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Reliability and safety must be considered before convenience. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ Advanced evaluation balances convenience with reliability and safety.
C. โ ์ค๋ฅ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ง ๋ง๋ ๋ค. โ
์๋ํ ์์คํ
์๋ ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ค.
Automated systems can also have the possibility of error. ๐งฏ
Answer
๋จ์ โ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ ์๋ค = the possibility remains.
D. โ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๋ฏฟ์. โ
์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์.
Letโs verify the reliability of the algorithm. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ Use verification language, not blind-trust language.
E. โ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ์ฑ
์์ง๋ค. โ
์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Accountability must be clarified in advance. ๐
Answer
๋ช
ํ โ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํํ ํ๋ค is the natural phrase.
F. โ ์์ ๋ง ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋๋ค. โ
์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Safety and reliability must be verified together. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ Technical assessment should verify both.
G. โ ํ๋จ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์จ๊ฒจ๋ ๋๋ค. โ
ํ๋จ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Transparency in the decision process must be increased. ๐ช
Answer
๋์ฌ โ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค = increase transparency.
H. โ ํ ๋ฒ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ฉด ๋์ด๋ค. โ
์ด์ ์ค์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Even during operation, results must continue to be monitored. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ Reliability requires ongoing monitoring, not one-time success.
I. โ ์ค์์ ์ค๋ฅ๋ ๊ฐ๋ค. โ
์์คํ
๋ฌธ์ ์๋ ๋ณดํต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ค.
For system problems, the word โerrorโ is usually used. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ค๋ฅ โ ์ค์ is more human; ์ค๋ฅ fits systems/data/logic.
J. โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ค. โ
์์คํ
์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ํ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The objective quality of a system is called reliability. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ ์ ๋ขฐ = trust; ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ = reliability.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๊ณก๋๋ค โ to be distorted
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ๋จ์ ์๋ค โ to remain
- ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify
- ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ โ where responsibility lies
- ๋ช ํํ ํ๋ค โ to clarify
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ transparency
- ๋์ด๋ค โ to increase
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to monitor
- ์ค๋ฅ โ system/data/logical error
- ์ค์ โ human mistake
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: replace vague praise with precise evaluation โ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค, ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค, ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค, ๋ช
ํํ ํ๋ค.
ย
๐ You finished the reliability circuit! You can now discuss automated systems with the advanced vocabulary of safety, bias, transparency, error risk, and accountability โ which is exactly how to sound thoughtful instead of just impressed by shiny machines. ๐ค๐ก๏ธ