TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ณ ์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ์ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ (the resilience of natural ecosystems) means an ecosystemโs ability to absorb disturbance, keep key functions, and recover after stress.
- ๐ง๏ธ The core vocabulary family includes ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ (climate change), ์ํ๊ณ ๊ต๋ (ecosystem disturbance), ์์ ์์ฉ (self-purification), and ๋ณด์กด (conservation).
- ๐ก๏ธ Strong advanced answers explain both resilience and limits: ecosystems can recover, but only if damage does not exceed ecological thresholds.
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into Korean Helper Widgets to hear it read aloud. Long phrases like ์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ์ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ (the resilience of natural ecosystems) and ์์ ์์ฉ์ ํ๊ณ (the limits of self-purification) are excellent listening practice. ๐ฆ
๐ The Big Picture
์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ means โnatural ecosystemโ: forests, rivers, wetlands, oceans, grasslands, and the living relationships inside them. ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ means โresilience,โ or the ability to absorb a shock and return to a functioning state. Together, ์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ์ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ describes how well nature can endure disturbance and recover. ๐ฒ
A resilient ecosystem does not avoid every problem. A forest can experience drought, pests, or fire; a wetland can receive pollutants; a coral reef can suffer temperature stress. The question is whether the system still has enough ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ (biodiversity), ์์์ง ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ (habitat connectivity), and ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ (self-purification capacity) to regain balance. ๐
This topic is different from a general โenvironmental protectionโ lesson. Here, the focus is the mechanism of recovery: disturbance enters, ecological functions respond, damage may be buffered, and the ecosystem either recovers or crosses a dangerous threshold. โ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Ecosystem Resilience Family
๐ฟ 1. ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ โ resilience
ํ๋ณต means โrecovery,โ and ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ means โelasticity/resilience.โ In ecology, ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ is the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance and continue functioning.
Natural pairings:
- ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค โ to have high resilience
- ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen resilience
- ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ ํ๋๋ค โ resilience declines
๐ง๏ธ 2. ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ โ climate change
๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ is a long-term pressure, not a single weather event. It can intensify droughts, floods, heat waves, wildfire risk, sea temperature rise, and species migration.
Natural pairings:
- ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ climate change intensifies
- ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค โ to adapt to climate change
- ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ํ๋ค โ climate change disturbs ecosystems
๐งช 3. ์์ ์์ฉ โ self-purification
์์ ์์ฉ means the natural self-cleaning or self-regulating function of water, soil, wetlands, and forests. For example, a stream may break down a limited amount of pollution naturally.
Natural pairings:
- ์์ ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ค โ to perform self-purification
- ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ self-purification capacity weakens
- ์์ ์์ฉ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ค โ to exceed the limits of self-purification
๐ฆ 4. ์์์ง ๋ณด์กด โ habitat conservation
์์์ง means โhabitat,โ and ๋ณด์กด means โpreservation/conservation.โ ์์์ง ๋ณด์กด protects the places where species live, move, feed, and reproduce.
Natural pairings:
- ์์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค โ to conserve a habitat
- ์์์ง ๋จ์ ์ ๋ง๋ค โ to prevent habitat fragmentation
- ์์์ง ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค โ to increase habitat connectivity
๐งฌ 5. ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ โ biodiversity
์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ means the variety of species and ecological relationships. High biodiversity often increases resilience because different species can perform overlapping ecological roles.
Natural pairings:
- ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค โ to maintain biodiversity
- ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค โ biodiversity decreases
- ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ๋ค โ to conserve biodiversity
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
Pattern 1 โ Explain the mechanism ๐
์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๋์ ์ต์ง๋ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ํก์ํ๊ณ ๋ถํดํ๋ ์์ ์์ฉ์ ํตํด ์ํ๊ณ ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค.
A wetland with high biodiversity can maintain ecological balance through self-purification that absorbs and breaks down pollutants. ๐ง
Notes: ์ต์ง = wetland; ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง = pollutant; ํก์ํ๋ค = to absorb; ๋ถํดํ๋ค = to break down.
Pattern 2 โ Show pressure and decline ๐ฅ
๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ฉด ๊ฐ๋ญ๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ์ฆ์์ ธ ์ฒ์ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If climate change intensifies, droughts and wildfires can become more frequent, weakening forest resilience. ๐ฒ
Notes: ์ฌํ๋๋ค = to intensify; ๊ฐ๋ญ = drought; ์ฐ๋ถ = wildfire; ์ ํ๋๋ค = to decline.
Pattern 3 โ Add a conservation solution ๐ก๏ธ
๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ข
์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์ข
์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์์์ง ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ์ํ ํต๋ก ์กฐ์ฑ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
To protect endangered species, habitat conservation and ecological corridors are needed, not only management of individual species. ๐พ
Notes: ๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ข
= endangered species; ๊ฐ๋ณ ์ข
= individual species; ์ํ ํต๋ก = ecological corridor; ์กฐ์ฑ = creation/development.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For advanced environmental vocabulary, use cause โ ecological response โ result โ solution:
- Cause: A๋ก ์ธํด B๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค
๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ๋ญ์ด ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ Drought intensifies due to climate change.
- Response: ์ํ๊ณ๊ฐ C์/๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค
์ต์ง๊ฐ ์์ ์์ฉ์ ํตํด ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค โ The wetland maintains balance through self-purification.
- Result: D์ด/๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋๋ค / ์ ํ๋๋ค / ํ๋ณต๋๋ค
ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ ํ๋๋ค โ Resilience declines.
- Solution: E์/๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค / ๋ณต์ํ๋ค / ๊ฐํํ๋ค
์์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๊ณ ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ Conserve habitats and strengthen biodiversity.
No irregular conjugation is central here. The main skill is pairing abstract nouns with precise verbs: ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค, ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค, ์์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค, and ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค.
๐ Cross-check note
The core vocabulary, spelling, and dictionary-form verbs in this lesson were checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / Korean.go.kr language resources and standard Korean environmental usage. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ (resilience) โ formal; emphasizes absorbing shock, adapting, and recovering function.
- ๋ณต์๋ ฅ (restorative capacity) โ overlaps with resilience; often emphasizes returning to a stable state after damage.
- ์์ ์์ฉ (self-purification) โ a natural cleaning/regulating process; narrower than overall resilience.
- ๋ณด์กด (preservation/conservation) โ protecting what remains.
- ๋ณต์ (restoration) โ repairing what has already been damaged.
- ๋ณด์ (conservation, often formal/ecological) โ maintaining ecological value over time.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ = only โrecoveryโ โ โ It includes resistance, adaptation, continued function, and recovery.
- โ ์์ ์์ฉ is unlimited โ โ It has limits; excessive pollution can overwhelm it.
- โ ๋ณด์กด and ๋ณต์ are identical โ โ ๋ณด์กด protects what remains; ๋ณต์ repairs what was damaged.
- โ ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ is one sudden event โ โ It is a long-term pressure that changes many ecological conditions.
- โ A green-looking area is automatically resilient โ โ True resilience depends on biodiversity, habitat connectivity, soil health, water quality, and ecological function.
๐ฑ Resilient ecosystems are not magic rubber bands; they are living networks with limits, buffers, and recovery pathways. Learn those links, and your environmental Korean gets beautifully sturdy. ๐ก๏ธ
Try this exercise
Practice the core vocabulary of ecosystem resilience. Complete each Korean sentence, say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and usage.
1. ์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฒฌ๋๊ณ ํ๋ณตํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The ability of a natural ecosystem to withstand external shock and recover is called resilience. ๐ฟ
Answer
ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ โ This includes withstanding, adapting, and recovering.
2. ํ์ฒ์ด ์ผ์ ์์ค์ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ค์ค๋ก ์ ํํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The function by which a stream naturally cleans a certain level of pollutants is self-purification. ๐ง
Answer
์์ ์์ฉ โ This is a natural cleaning process, not an unlimited superpower.
3. ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฌผ์ข
์ด ํจ๊ป ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The state in which diverse species exist together is called biodiversity. ๐ฆ
Answer
์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ โ Biodiversity often supports ecological stability.
4. ์์ง ๋จ์ ์๋ ์ฒ์ ๋ณดํธํ์ฌ ํผ์์ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Protecting remaining forests to prevent damage is closer to conservation. ๐ฒ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ ๋ณด์กด protects what still exists.
5. ์ด๋ฏธ ํผ์๋ ์ต์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์ํ๋ก ๋๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Returning an already damaged wetland to a healthy state is closer to restoration. ๐ชท
Answer
๋ณต์ โ ๋ณต์ repairs what has been damaged.
6. ๊ธฐ์จ ์์น๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๊ณ์ ์๋ ฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The phenomenon in which rising temperatures and changing rainfall pressure ecosystems long-term is climate change. ๐ง๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ โ This is a long-term ecological pressure.
7. ๋๋ก๊ฐ ์ฒ์ ๋๋์ด ๋๋ฌผ ์ด๋์ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ํ์์ ์์์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The phenomenon in which roads divide forests and make animal movement difficult is habitat fragmentation. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋จ์ โ ์์์ง ๋จ์ means habitat fragmentation/disconnection.
8. ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง์ด ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฒ ์ ์
๋๋ฉด ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If excessive pollutants flow in, self-purification capacity can weaken. ๐งช
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ๋๋ค means โto weaken.โ
9. ์์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ฉด ์ผ์๋๋ฌผ์ ์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If habitats are connected, wildlife movement range can widen. ๐พ
Answer
๋ฒ์ โ ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ means movement range.
10. ์ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ผ๋ฉด ๋ค์ ์์ ๋๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
If an ecosystem crosses a certain threshold, it is difficult to stabilize again. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ ต๋ค โ The sentence warns that recovery has limits.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ โ natural ecosystem
- ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ external shock
- ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ โ resilience
- ํ์ฒ โ stream/river
- ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง โ pollutant
- ์์ ์์ฉ โ self-purification
- ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ โ biodiversity
- ๋ณด์กด โ conservation/preservation
- ๋ณต์ โ restoration
- ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ โ climate change
- ์์์ง ๋จ์ โ habitat fragmentation
- ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ self-purification capacity
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to weaken
- ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ โ movement range
- ํ๊ณ โ limit
Tips ๐ก
- Use ๋ณด์กด before damage; use ๋ณต์ after damage.
- Resilience is about function, not just appearance.
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your ecosystem vocabulary is already putting down roots. ๐ฑ
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Resilience of Natural Ecosystems
Welcome to your ecosystem resilience field lab. ๐ณ Youโll practice how Korean describes disturbance, self-purification, biodiversity, habitat conservation, thresholds, and recovery โ basically natureโs โbend, donโt breakโ grammar, but with fewer inspirational posters and more wetlands. ๐ชท
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or long noun phrase.
๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural Korean word or phrase. Read the full sentence aloud, identify whether it describes pressure, response, decline, recovery, or conservation, then open the Answer toggle.
Exercise 1 โ Resilience and Disturbance ๐
A. ์ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ํก์ํ๊ณ ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The ability of an ecosystem to absorb shock and function again is called resilience. ๐ฟ
Answer
ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ โ This is broader than simple recovery.
B. ํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ญ์ ํ์ฒ ์ํ๊ณ์ ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค.
Floods and droughts can give major disturbance to river ecosystems. ๐ง๏ธ
Answer
๊ต๋ โ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ต๋ means ecosystem disturbance.
C. ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ฉด ์ฒ์ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If external shocks repeat, forest resilience can decline. ๐ฒ
Answer
์ ํ โ ์ ํ๋๋ค means to decline or be lowered.
D. ๋ค์ํ ์ข
์ด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋งก์ผ๋ฉด ์ํ๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If diverse species perform different functions, ecosystem stability can increase. ๐งฌ
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ ์ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ฑ means ecosystem stability.
E. ์ฐ๋ถ ์ดํ ํ ์์ด ์ด์ ์์ผ๋ฉด ์์์ด ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
If soil remains alive after a wildfire, vegetation may regenerate. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์๋๋ค means to regenerate.
F. ์ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ ํ ๋ฌด๋์ง์ง ์๋๋ก ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
A function that reduces shock so an ecosystem does not completely collapse is called a buffering effect. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์์ถฉ โ ์์ถฉ ์์ฉ means buffering effect.
G. ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ฉด ์ํ๊ณ์ ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ํ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
When climate change intensifies, an ecosystemโs adaptive capacity is tested. ๐งญ
Answer
๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ means adaptive capacity.
H. ํด์ ์ฐ์ฑํ๋ ์ฐํธ์ด์ ์์กด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Ocean acidification can threaten coral reef survival. ๐ชธ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to threaten.
I. ์ํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์ ์ง๋๋ฉด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์ดํ์๋ ๊ท ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
If ecosystem functions are maintained, balance can be maintained even after shock. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ง โ ์ ์งํ๋ค means to maintain.
J. ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ํ๊ณ๋ ์์ ๊ต๋์๋ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
An ecosystem with low resilience can easily collapse even from a small disturbance. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ถ๊ดด โ ๋ถ๊ดด๋๋ค means to collapse.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ shock
- ํก์ํ๋ค โ to absorb
- ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ โ resilience
- ํ์ โ flood
- ๊ฐ๋ญ โ drought
- ํ์ฒ ์ํ๊ณ โ river ecosystem
- ๊ต๋ โ disturbance
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to decline
- ์ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ฑ โ ecosystem stability
- ์์ โ vegetation
- ์ฌ์๋๋ค โ to regenerate
- ์์ถฉ ์์ฉ โ buffering effect
- ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ adaptive capacity
- ํด์ ์ฐ์ฑํ โ ocean acidification
- ์ฐํธ์ด โ coral reef
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to threaten
- ์ ์งํ๋ค โ to maintain
- ๋ถ๊ดด๋๋ค โ to collapse
Tip ๐ก Resilience sentences often ask: what shock happened, what function remained, and what recovered?
Exercise 2 โ Climate Pressure and Self-Purification ๐งช
A. ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ๊ทน๋จ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ด ๋ ์์ฃผ ๋ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If climate change intensifies, extreme weather events can appear more often. ๐ช๏ธ
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ๋๋ค means to intensify.
B. ์ต์ง๋ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ฑธ๋ฌ ๋ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ค.
Wetlands perform self-purification by filtering pollutants. ๐ชท
Answer
์์ โ ์์ ์์ฉ means self-purification.
C. ์ค์ผ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์์ ์์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ ์๋ค.
If the scale of pollution grows, it can exceed the limits of self-purification. ๐งช
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ค means to exceed a limit.
D. ๊ธฐ์จ ์์น์ ํน์ ์ข
์ ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Rising temperatures can change the habitat range of certain species. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ฒ์ โ ์์ ๋ฒ์ means habitat range.
E. ๊ฐ๋ญ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง๋ฉด ํ ์์ ์๋ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If a drought lasts longer, soil moisture content can decrease. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํจ๋ โ ์๋ถ ํจ๋ means moisture content.
F. ํ์ฒ์ ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ฉด ์์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฌํด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If a streamโs self-purification capacity weakens, water pollution can become worse. ๐ง
Answer
์ค์ผ โ ์์ง ์ค์ผ means water pollution.
G. ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ฌ ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
Forests absorb carbon and contribute to climate regulation. ๐ณ
Answer
ํก์ โ ํ์๋ฅผ ํก์ํ๋ค means to absorb carbon.
H. ํญ์ผ์ ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์๋ฌผ์ ์์กด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Heat waves can worsen survival conditions for organisms around cities. ๐ฅต
Answer
์
ํ โ ์
ํ์ํค๋ค means to worsen.
I. ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ถํดํ๋ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ด ์ค๋ฉด ์์ฐ ์ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If microorganisms that break down pollutants decrease, natural purification function also weakens. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ๋๋ค means to weaken.
J. ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ์ ๋์ํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ํ๊ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค.
To respond to climate change, ecosystem adaptive capacity must be increased. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ์ โ ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ means adaptive capacity.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ โ climate change
- ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ to intensify
- ๊ทน๋จ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ extreme weather event
- ์ต์ง โ wetland
- ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง โ pollutant
- ์์ ์์ฉ โ self-purification
- ํ๊ณ โ limit
- ๊ธฐ์จ ์์น โ rising temperature
- ์์ ๋ฒ์ โ habitat range
- ๊ฐ๋ญ โ drought
- ์๋ถ ํจ๋ โ moisture content
- ์์ง ์ค์ผ โ water pollution
- ํ์๋ฅผ ํก์ํ๋ค โ to absorb carbon
- ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ์ โ climate regulation
- ํญ์ผ โ heat wave
- ์ ํ์ํค๋ค โ to worsen
- ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ โ microorganism
- ์์ฐ ์ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ โ natural purification function
- ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ adaptive capacity
Tip ๐ก ์์ ์์ฉ is powerful but limited; always check whether pollution exceeds capacity.
Exercise 3 โ Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation ๐ฆ
A. ์๋ฌผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ์ค์ํ ์์์ด๋ค.
Biodiversity is an important factor that increases ecosystem stability. ๐งฌ
Answer
๋ค์์ฑ โ ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ means biodiversity.
B. ๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ข
์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To protect endangered species, habitats must first be conserved. ๐
Answer
์์์ง โ Habitat protection supports species survival.
C. ์ํ ํต๋ก๋ ๋จ์ ๋ ์์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค.
Ecological corridors reconnect fragmented habitats. ๐
Answer
์ฐ๊ฒฐ โ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ค means to connect.
D. ์์์ง ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ฉด ์ผ์๋๋ฌผ์ ์ด๋์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง๋ค.
If habitat connectivity increases, wildlife movement becomes easier. ๐พ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ Connectivity reduces movement barriers.
E. ํ ์ง์ญ์๋ง ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ์ข
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ข
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
A species that naturally lives only in one region is called an endemic species. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ์ โ ๊ณ ์ ์ข
means endemic species.
F. ์ธ๋์ข
์ ํ์ฐ์ ํ ์ฐฉ์ข
์ ์์กด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
The spread of invasive species can threaten native speciesโ survival. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to threaten.
G. ๋จน์ด ์ฌ์ฌ์ด ์์ ๋๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ข
์ด ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
If the food chain stabilizes, many species can coexist. ๐ธ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณต์กด โ ๊ณต์กดํ๋ค means to coexist.
H. ์์์ง ๋จ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Habitat fragmentation can decrease genetic diversity. ๐งฌ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ค means to decrease.
I. ๋ณดํธ ๊ตฌ์ญ ์ง์ ์ ํต์ฌ ์์์ง๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
Designating protected areas is a way to protect core habitats. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค means to protect.
J. ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ํ๊ณ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ํ๋จํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Biodiversity can become an indicator for judging ecosystem resilience. ๐
Answer
์งํ โ ์งํ means indicator.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ โ biodiversity
- ์ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ฑ โ ecosystem stability
- ๋ฉธ์ข ์๊ธฐ์ข โ endangered species
- ์์์ง โ habitat
- ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค โ to conserve/preserve
- ์ํ ํต๋ก โ ecological corridor
- ์์์ง ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ โ habitat connectivity
- ์ผ์๋๋ฌผ โ wildlife
- ๊ณ ์ ์ข โ endemic species
- ์ธ๋์ข โ invasive/non-native species
- ํ ์ฐฉ์ข โ native species
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to threaten
- ๋จน์ด ์ฌ์ฌ โ food chain
- ๊ณต์กดํ๋ค โ to coexist
- ์ ์ ์ ๋ค์์ฑ โ genetic diversity
- ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ค โ to decrease
- ๋ณดํธ ๊ตฌ์ญ โ protected area
- ํต์ฌ ์์์ง โ core habitat
- ์งํ โ indicator
Tip ๐ก Biodiversity is not decoration; it is a functional part of ecosystem resilience.
Exercise 4 โ Conservation, Restoration, and Thresholds ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๋จ์ ์๋ ์ฒ์ ํผ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ก ์งํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Protecting remaining forests so they are not damaged is conservation. ๐ฒ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ ๋ณด์กด protects what remains.
B. ํผ์๋ ์ต์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Making a damaged wetland healthy again is restoration. ๐ชท
Answer
๋ณต์ โ ๋ณต์ repairs what has already been damaged.
C. ์ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ํ๋ณต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
The point beyond an ecosystemโs recoverable range can be seen as an ecological threshold. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ์ํ์ ํ๊ณ refers to an ecological limit or threshold.
D. ์ค์ผ์ด ์ฌํด์ง๋ฉด ๋ณต์ ๋น์ฉ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
If pollution worsens, restoration costs can greatly increase. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ โ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค means to increase.
E. ๋ณด์กด ์ ์ฑ
์ ํผ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋ค.
Conservation policy aims to prevent damage in advance. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง โ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค means to prevent.
F. ๋ณต์ ์ฌ์
์ ํผ์๋ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
A restoration project is a process of recovering damaged ecosystem function. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋ณต โ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ณตํ๋ค means to recover function.
G. ์ํ๊ณ ๋ณด์ ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ค ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Ecosystem conservation values long-term maintainability more than short-term results. ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ง โ ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means maintainability.
H. ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ๋ณต์๋ ์ง์ญ์ด ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If follow-up management is insufficient, a restored area can be damaged again. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํผ์ โ ํผ์๋๋ค means to be damaged/degraded.
I. ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ๋ณต์์ ์๋ก ๋๋ฆฝํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Conservation and restoration should be connected rather than opposed. ๐
Answer
์ฐ๊ณ โ ์ฐ๊ณ๋๋ค means to be linked/connected.
J. ์์ ์์ฉ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ค์ผ์ ์ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Pollution beyond the limits of self-purification may require human intervention. ๐งโ๐ฌ
Answer
๊ฐ์
โ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์
means human intervention.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋จ์ ์๋ ์ฒ โ remaining forest
- ๋ณด์กด โ conservation/preservation
- ํผ์๋ ์ต์ง โ damaged wetland
- ๋ณต์ โ restoration
- ํ๋ณต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฒ์ โ recoverable range
- ์ํ์ ํ๊ณ โ ecological threshold/limit
- ๋ณต์ ๋น์ฉ โ restoration cost
- ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to increase
- ๋ณด์กด ์ ์ฑ โ conservation policy
- ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค โ to prevent
- ์ํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ โ ecosystem function
- ํ๋ณตํ๋ค โ to recover
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ โ long-term
- ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ maintainability
- ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ follow-up management
- ํผ์๋๋ค โ to be damaged
- ์ฐ๊ณ๋๋ค โ to be linked
- ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ โ human intervention
Tip ๐ก ๋ณด์กด prevents damage, ๋ณต์ repairs damage, and ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ keeps recovery from collapsing again.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๋จ์ํ ํ๋ณต์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ ์๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
Resilience includes adaptation and functional maintenance, not simple recovery only. ๐
Answer
์ ์ง โ โ โrecovery onlyโ โ โ
recovery, adaptation, and continued function.
B. ์์ ์์ฉ์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ์ง๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์์ง๋ ์๋ค.
Self-purification is powerful, but it is not without limits. ๐งช
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ โ Unlimited nature โ โ
limited capacity.
C. ์์ง ๋จ์ ์์์ง๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณต์๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Protecting remaining habitats is closer to conservation than restoration. ๐ฆ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ โ Confusing repair and protection โ โ
๋ณด์กด protects what remains.
D. ์ด๋ฏธ ํ๊ดด๋ ์ต์ง๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์กด๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Reviving an already destroyed wetland is closer to restoration than conservation. ๐ชท
Answer
๋ณต์ โ Damaged ecosystems need restoration.
E. ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ๋ ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Climate change is not a one-time event but a long-term pressure. ๐ง๏ธ
Answer
์๋ ฅ โ โ Single event โ โ
long-term pressure.
F. ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํธ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์ผ๋ฉด ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Even if a space looks green, resilience may be low if biodiversity is low. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋ฎ์ โ Appearance alone does not prove ecological resilience.
G. ์์์ง ๋จ์ ์ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ํ ํต๋ก๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
To reduce habitat fragmentation, ecological corridors can be created. ๐
Answer
์กฐ์ฑ โ ์ํ ํต๋ก๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฑํ๋ค means to create ecological corridors.
H. ์ธ๋์ข
์ด ํ ์ฐฉ์ข
์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ด๋ฉด ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
If invasive species push out native species, biodiversity can decrease. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค means to decrease.
I. ์ํ๊ณ ํ๋ณต์ ํ๋จํ ๋๋ ์์ง, ํ ์, ์ข
๋ค์์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When judging ecosystem recovery, water quality, soil, and species diversity must be considered together. ๐
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider.
J. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์์๋ ์์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ์ ํ๋ณต ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ๋ณต์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ธ ์ ์๋ค.
In the conclusion, you can write that conservation and restoration must be linked to increase ecosystem resilience. ๐งญ
Answer
์ฐ๊ณ โ This makes a strong balanced conclusion.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ ์ง โ functional maintenance
- ์ ์ โ adaptation
- ํ๊ณ โ limit
- ๋ณด์กด โ conservation/preservation
- ๋ณต์ โ restoration
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ฅ โ long-term pressure
- ํธ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ โ green space
- ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์์ฑ โ biodiversity
- ์์์ง ๋จ์ โ habitat fragmentation
- ์ํ ํต๋ก โ ecological corridor
- ์กฐ์ฑํ๋ค โ to create/develop
- ์ธ๋์ข โ invasive/non-native species
- ํ ์ฐฉ์ข โ native species
- ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to decrease
- ์์ง โ water quality
- ํ ์ โ soil
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ์ฐ๊ณํ๋ค โ to link/connect
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol rule: donโt trust appearances, donโt ignore limits, and donโt separate conservation from restoration.
๐ Excellent work โ your ecosystem Korean now has roots, buffers, habitats, and enough resilience to survive a very judgmental academic paragraph. ๐ฟ๐ก๏ธ