TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ ๋์ ๋์ (urban agriculture) connects city planning, food supply, climate response, and community life โ not just cute balcony lettuce.
- โป๏ธ The key vocabulary family is ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (sustainability), ์๋ ์๋ณด (food security), ์์ ์ํ (resource circulation), and ์นํ๊ฒฝ (eco-friendly).
- โ๏ธ Advanced answers sound strongest when they balance benefits with limits: urban farming can supplement local food systems, but it cannot replace large-scale agriculture by itself.
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into Korean Helper Widgets to hear it read aloud. Long phrases like ๋์ ๋์
์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (the sustainability of urban agriculture) are excellent slow-listening practice.
๐ The Big Picture
๋์ ๋์
means โurban agricultureโ: growing food within a city through rooftop gardens, community plots, school gardens, balcony planters, hydroponic systems, or vertical farms. The phrase sounds cozy, but in advanced Korean it often appears in serious discussions about climate adaptation, food distribution, land use, local economies, and citizen participation. ๐๏ธ
๋์ ๋์
์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means โthe sustainability of urban agriculture.โ Here, ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ is not just โlasting a long time.โ It means something can continue in a way that is environmentally, economically, and socially workable. ๐ฟ
This topic is useful because it lets you write with nuance. Instead of saying โurban farming is good,โ you can say it may ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค (supplement food security), ์์ ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค (contribute to resource circulation), and ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํ์ฐํ๋ค (spread eco-friendly ways of living), while still recognizing limits such as space, cost, pollution, and low production volume. โ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Urban Agriculture Family
๐ 1. ๋์ ๋์ โ urban agriculture
๋์ means โcity,โ and ๋์
means โagriculture.โ Together, ๋์ ๋์
refers to producing food or crops inside urban spaces.
Useful pairings:
- ๋์ ๋์ ์ ํ์ฑํํ๋ค โ to revitalize/promote urban agriculture
- ๋์ ๋์ ์ ๋์ ํ๋ค โ to introduce urban agriculture
- ๋์ ๋์ ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค โ to expand urban agriculture
๐ฑ 2. ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability
์ง์ means โcontinuation,โ and ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means โpossibility/potential.โ In policy and environment contexts, ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means long-term viability.
Natural pairings:
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค โ to increase sustainability
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure sustainability
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate sustainability
๐ 3. ์๋ ์๋ณด โ food security
์๋ means โfood supply/food resources,โ and ์๋ณด means โsecurity.โ ์๋ ์๋ณด refers to stable access to necessary food.
Natural pairings:
- ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen food security
- ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค โ to threaten food security
- ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค โ to supplement food security
โป๏ธ 4. ์์ ์ํ โ resource circulation
์์ means โresources,โ and ์ํ means โcirculation.โ ์์ ์ํ is the idea of reusing resources instead of simply consuming and discarding them.
Natural pairings:
- ์์ ์ํ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค โ to build a resource-circulation system
- ์์ ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to contribute to resource circulation
- ์์ ๋ญ๋น๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce resource waste
๐ 5. ์นํ๊ฒฝ โ eco-friendly
์นํ๊ฒฝ means โeco-friendlyโ or โenvironmentally friendly.โ It is broader than ์์ ์ํ. Resource circulation is one eco-friendly practice, but ์นํ๊ฒฝ can also include reducing emissions, protecting ecosystems, and avoiding harmful chemicals.
Natural pairings:
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋์ ํ๋ค โ to introduce eco-friendly cultivation methods
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ค์ฒํ๋ค โ to practice an eco-friendly lifestyle
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ ๋์ ์ค๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to contribute to eco-friendly urban design
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
Pattern 1 โ Define the concept ๐งญ
๋์ ๋์
์ด๋ ๋์์ ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ์ฉํด ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์์ฐํ๋ ํ๋์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
Urban agriculture means an activity that uses idle spaces in a city to produce agricultural products. ๐ฅฌ
Notes: ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ = idle/unused space; ํ์ฉํ๋ค = to make use of; ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ = agricultural products; ์๋ฏธํ๋ค = to mean.
Pattern 2 โ Explain a benefit ๐
๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ
๋ฐญ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ญ ์ฐจ์์ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Community gardens can increase resident participation and supplement food security at the local level. ๐งโ๐พ
Notes: ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ
๋ฐญ = community garden; ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ = resident participation; ์ง์ญ ์ฐจ์ = local level; ๋ณด์ํ๋ค = to supplement.
Pattern 3 โ Add a condition or limit โ๏ธ
๋์ ๋์
์ด ์ง์๋๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ํ ์ ์ค์ผ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฐ์ด ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For urban agriculture to continue sustainably, soil-contamination management and a stable budget must support it. ๐งช
Notes: ์ง์๋๋ค = to continue; ํ ์ ์ค์ผ = soil contamination; ์์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฐ = stable budget; ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋๋ค = to be supported.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For advanced topic vocabulary, the key is not a tricky conjugation rule but noun-phrase architecture. Build precise Korean policy phrases like this:
- Topic noun + ์ + abstract noun
๋์ ๋์
์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ the sustainability of urban agriculture
์๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ์์ ์ฑ โ the stability of the food supply chain
- Abstract noun + ์/๋ฅผ + policy verb
์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen food security
์์ ์ํ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค โ to build a resource-circulation system
- Condition phrase + benefit/limit clause
๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์ ํ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ฐ๋์๋ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ Because space is limited, there are limits to production volume.
No true irregular verb rule is central to this lesson. The advanced skill is choosing natural collocations: ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค is natural, while ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ค sounds clumsy for formal writing.
๐ Cross-check note
The core vocabulary, spelling, and dictionary-form verbs in this lesson were checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / Korean.go.kr language resources and standard Korean usage. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (sustainability) โ formal, common in policy, environment, economy, and planning contexts.
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (long-term maintainability) โ explanatory phrase; useful when clarifying the meaning of sustainability.
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ (eco-friendly) โ everyday and policy-friendly; broad and flexible.
- ํ๊ฒฝ์นํ์ (environmentally friendly) โ more formal/written; often used in reports and official descriptions.
- ์์ ์ํ (resource circulation) โ technical/policy term; narrower than ์นํ๊ฒฝ.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = โdoing something for a long timeโ โ โ It means long-term environmental, economic, and social viability.
- โ ์นํ๊ฒฝ and ์์ ์ํ are identical โ โ ์นํ๊ฒฝ is broader; ์์ ์ํ focuses on reusing resources.
- โ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ค โ โ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค (use the natural policy verb ๊ฐํํ๋ค, โto strengthenโ).
- โ Only listing benefits โ โ Add limits such as ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ (lack of space), ๋ฎ์ ์์ฐ๋ (low production volume), ํ ์ ์ค์ผ (soil contamination), and ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋น์ฉ (management cost).
- โ Calling every rooftop planter a complete food solution โ โ Urban agriculture can supplement food security, not fully replace large-scale supply chains.
๐ If you can balance hope with limits, your Korean will sound less like a slogan and more like an expert paragraph with compost-powered confidence. ๐ฟ
Try this exercise
Practice choosing natural advanced vocabulary and collocations about urban agriculture. Complete each Korean sentence, say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and usage.
1. ๋์ ๋์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
To increase the sustainability of urban agriculture, a long-term management system is necessary. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ This means โsustainability,โ not merely โdoing it for a long time.โ
2. ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ
๋ฐญ์ ์ง์ญ ์ฐจ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Community gardens can supplement food security at the local level. ๐
Answer
์๋ ์๋ณด โ Use ๋ณด์ํ๋ค when something supplements rather than fully solves a problem.
3. ์์๋ฌผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋น๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
Using food waste as compost can contribute to resource circulation. โป๏ธ
Answer
์์ ์ํ โ This focuses on reusing resources instead of discarding them.
4. ์ฅ์ ํ
๋ฐญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํ์ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
Rooftop gardens help spread eco-friendly lifestyles. ๐
Answer
์นํ๊ฒฝ โ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์ is a natural phrase for โeco-friendly lifestyle.โ
5. ๋์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ จํ ์ ์๋ค.
If a city uses idle spaces, it can create new cultivation areas. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ โ ์ ํด means unused or idle; the phrase often appears in planning contexts.
6. ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ก์ ์ค์ด๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Reducing long-distance transport can reduce carbon emissions. ๐
Answer
ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ โ Natural verbs include ์ค์ด๋ค, ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ค, and ์ํํ๋ค.
7. ๋์ ๋์
์ด ์ง์๋๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฐ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
For urban agriculture to continue, a stable budget must support it. ๐ฐ
Answer
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค โ This formal phrase means โmust be supported by.โ
8. ๋์ ๋์
๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
It is difficult to meet large-scale food demand through urban agriculture alone. ๐ญ
Answer
์ถฉ์กฑํ๊ธฐ โ ์์๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ๋ค means โto meet demand.โ
9. ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋์ ์ํ๊ณ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
Introducing eco-friendly cultivation methods helps protect the urban ecosystem. ๐
Answer
๋์
ํ๋ฉด โ ๋์
ํ๋ค means โto introduce/adopt.โ
10. ๋์ ๋์
์ ํ๊ฐํ ๋๋ ์ฅ์ ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When evaluating urban agriculture, benefits and limitations must be considered together. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ Advanced writing sounds more balanced when it includes limits, not only benefits.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability
- ์๋ ์๋ณด โ food security
- ์์ ์ํ โ resource circulation
- ์นํ๊ฒฝ โ eco-friendly
- ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ โ idle/unused space
- ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ โ carbon emissions
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋๋ค โ to be supported
- ์ถฉ์กฑํ๋ค โ to meet/satisfy
- ๋์ ํ๋ค โ to introduce/adopt
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
Tips ๐ก
- Pair abstract nouns with formal verbs: ๊ฐํํ๋ค, ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค, ํ๊ฐํ๋ค.
- Balance every benefit with at least one limit.
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! ๐ฟ
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Sustainability of Urban Agriculture
Welcome to your urban-agriculture workout: policy vocabulary with dirt under its fingernails. ๐ฑ Youโll practice sustainability terms, natural collocations, balanced argument patterns, and pitfall fixes so your Korean can discuss gardens, budgets, and broccoli with equal elegance. ๐ฅฆ
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or long noun phrase.
๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the most natural word or phrase, read the full sentence aloud, then check the Answer toggle. Focus on sounding precise and balanced, not just โpositive.โ
Exercise 1 โ Core Concept Nouns ๐ฑ
A. ๋์ ๋์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฒฝ์ , ์ฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The sustainability of urban agriculture must consider environmental, economic, and social conditions together. ๐
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ Sustainability here is a multi-condition concept, not simply duration.
B. ๊ธฐํ ์๊ธฐ ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค์์ฑ์ด ๋์ฑ ์ปค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
Amid the climate crisis, the importance of food security is growing even more. ๐พ
Answer
์๋ ์๋ณด โ ์๋ ์๋ณด์ ์ค์์ฑ is a natural formal noun phrase.
C. ํด๋นํ์ ๋น๋ฌผ ํ์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Composting and rainwater use can be representative examples of resource circulation. ๐ง
Answer
์์ ์ํ โ Reusing waste or water fits the resource-circulation frame.
D. ํํ ์ฝํ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ค์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
A cultivation method that reduces chemical use can be called environmentally friendly. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฒฝ์นํ โ In ํ๊ฒฝ์นํ์ , -์ makes it โenvironmentally friendly.โ
E. ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง ์ฒ ๋ ๋ถ์ง๋ฅผ ํ
๋ฐญ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ฉ์ ํ ์์ด๋ค.
Turning an abandoned railway site into a garden is an example of using idle space. ๐
Answer
์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ โ ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ์ฉ means using otherwise unused space.
F. ๋๋ค ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ํจ๊ป ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ๋ณต์๋ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
A community garden managed together by neighborhood residents also helps restore community ties. ๐งโ๐พ
Answer
๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ
๋ฐญ โ This phrase combines community participation with small-scale cultivation.
G. ๋์ ์์์ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์๋น๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊น์์ง๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค ์ ์๋ค.
If production and consumption become closer within a city, transport distance can decrease. ๐ฒ
Answer
์ด์ก โ ์ด์ก ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ means transport distance.
H. ์ํ์ด ์์ฐ์์์ ์๋น์์๊ฒ ์ด๋ํ๋ ์ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The overall structure through which food moves from producer to consumer is called a supply chain. ๐
Answer
๊ณต๊ธ๋ง โ ์ํ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง or ์๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง is common in policy contexts.
I. ๋์ ๋์
์ ์ค์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๋น์ฉ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To judge the real effect of urban agriculture, production volume and cost must be examined together. ๐
Answer
์์ฐ๋ โ ์์ฐ๋ means production volume.
J. ์ค์ผ๋ ๋
์์ ์๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
If crops are grown on contaminated land, a soil-contamination problem may occur. ๐งช
Answer
ํ ์ ์ค์ผ โ This is an important limit when discussing urban farming.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability
- ์๋ ์๋ณด โ food security
- ์์ ์ํ โ resource circulation
- ํ๊ฒฝ์นํ์ โ environmentally friendly
- ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ โ idle/unused space
- ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ ๋ฐญ โ community garden
- ์ด์ก โ transport
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง โ supply chain
- ์์ฐ๋ โ production volume
- ํ ์ ์ค์ผ โ soil contamination
Tip ๐ก Advanced vocabulary often grows as noun clusters: topic noun + abstract noun + policy verb.
Exercise 2 โ Natural Collocations โป๏ธ
A. ๋์ ๋์
์ ์ง์ญ ์ฐจ์์ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Urban agriculture can strengthen food security at the local level. ๐
Answer
๊ฐํํ โ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค is the natural collocation.
B. ์์๋ฌผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋น๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ฉด ์์ ์ํ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
Turning food waste into compost helps build a resource-circulation system. ๐ชฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ โ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค means โto build a system.โ
C. ์ฅ์ ์ ์์ ๋์ ์ด์ฌ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
Rooftop gardens can contribute to easing the urban heat-island effect. ๐ข
Answer
์ํํ๋ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to alleviate or ease.
D. ๋น๋ฌผ ์ฌํ์ฉ ์์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌผ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
If rainwater-reuse facilities are introduced, water use can be reduced. ๐ง๏ธ
Answer
๋์
ํ๋ฉด โ ๋์
ํ๋ค is natural for systems, policies, and methods.
E. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ต์ก์ ํตํด ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Through resident education, eco-friendly lifestyles can be spread. ๐
Answer
ํ์ฐํ โ ํ์ฐํ๋ค means โto spread.โ
F. ๋์ ๋์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋น์ฉ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
To evaluate the economic effect of urban agriculture, cost data is necessary. ๐ฐ
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค means โto evaluate.โ
G. ํ๊ต ํ
๋ฐญ์ ํ์๋ค์ด ์๋ ์์ฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
School gardens help students understand the process of food production. ๐ซ
Answer
์ดํดํ๋ โ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ดํดํ๋ค is natural for learning about a process.
H. ์ด์ก ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ฉด ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Reducing transport distance can reduce carbon emissions. ๐
Answer
์ค์ผ โ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ์ ์ค์ด๋ค is direct and natural.
I. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์ฌ์
์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If resident participation is lacking, it is difficult to secure the projectโs sustainability. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means โto secure sustainability.โ
J. ๋์ ๋์
์ ์ฑ
์ ์ง์ญ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Urban-agriculture policy can also be expected to revitalize the local community. ๐ค
Answer
ํ์ฑํ โ ํ์ฑํํ๋ค means โto revitalize/promote.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค โ to build/establish
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease/alleviate
- ๋์ ํ๋ค โ to introduce
- ํ์ฐํ๋ค โ to spread
- ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate
- ์ดํดํ๋ค โ to understand
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ํ์ฑํํ๋ค โ to revitalize
Tip ๐ก For formal vocabulary, memorize noun + verb pairs, not isolated words.
Exercise 3 โ Balanced Argument Sentences โ๏ธ
A. ๋์ ๋์
์ ์ฅ์ ์ด ๋ง์ง๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ์ค์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
Urban agriculture has many advantages, but there is the practical problem of lack of space. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ โ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ is a common limitation in dense cities.
B. ์์ฐ๋์ด ์ ํ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
Because production volume is limited, it is difficult to completely solve large-scale food problems. ๐
Answer
ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ โ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค means โto solve a problem.โ
C. ๋์ ๋์
์ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Urban agriculture can play a role in supplementing food security. ๐
Answer
์ญํ โ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค means โto play a role.โ
D. ์์ฐ์ด ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ณด๋์ด์ผ ์ฌ์
์ด ์ผ์์ ์ธ ํ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋๋ค.
A budget must be secured so the project does not end as a temporary event. ๐ช
Answer
๊ทธ์น์ง โ -์ ๊ทธ์น๋ค means โto stop at / amount to only.โ
E. ํ ์ ์ค์ผ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ชฉํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If soil contamination is not managed, it can conflict with the goal of being eco-friendly. ๐งช
Answer
๋ชจ์ โ ๋ชจ์๋๋ค means โto be contradictory.โ
F. ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ
๋ฐญ์ ์๋ ์์ฐ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค.
Community gardens can increase exchange among neighbors as well as food production. ๐งโ๐คโ๐ง
Answer
๊ต๋ฅ โ ๊ต๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค means โto increase interaction/exchange.โ
G. ๋์ ๋์
์ ํ๋ํ๋ ค๋ฉด ํ์ ์ง์๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To expand urban agriculture, administrative support and resident participation must both be supported. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ โ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋๋ค is formal and useful for policy conditions.
H. ๋์ ์์์ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋์ ์์ฐํ๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Producing some food within a city can increase supply-chain stability. ๐
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์์ ์ฑ means supply-chain stability.
I. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ํ
๋ฐญ์ด ๋ฐฉ์น๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๋ค.
However, if management staff is lacking, there is a risk the garden will be neglected. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํ์ด ์๋ค means โthere is a risk.โ
J. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋์ ๋์
์ ๋ณด์กฐ์ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ ํ๋ค.
Therefore, it is appropriate to understand urban agriculture as a supplementary strategy. ๐งญ
Answer
์ดํด โ This balanced conclusion avoids overclaiming.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ โ lack of space
- ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค โ to solve
- ์ญํ โ role
- ๊ทธ์น๋ค โ to stop at / amount only to
- ๋ชจ์๋๋ค โ to be contradictory
- ๊ต๋ฅ โ exchange/interaction
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋๋ค โ to be supported
- ์์ ์ฑ โ stability
- ์ํ โ risk
- ์ดํดํ๋ค โ to understand
Tip ๐ก A polished answer usually says โyes, butโฆโ with concrete reasons.
Exercise 4 โ Synonyms and Register ๐
A. ๋ณด๊ณ ์์์๋ โ์นํ๊ฒฝโ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ฌธ์ด์ ์ธ ํํ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
In a report, you can use a more written expression than โeco-friendly.โ ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฒฝ์นํ์ โ This is more formal/written than everyday ์นํ๊ฒฝ.
B. โ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑโ์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ํ์ด ์ฐ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ค.
If explaining โsustainabilityโ simply, it can be described as long-term maintainability. ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์ฅ๊ธฐ์ โ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ clarifies the meaning.
C. โ์์ ์ํโ์ ์นํ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
โResource circulationโ is a narrower concept than โeco-friendly.โ ๐ฏ
Answer
์ข์ โ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ์ข๋ค means the scope is narrow.
D. โ์๋ ์๋ณดโ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฌํ ์ ์ฒด์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
โFood securityโ is related not to one personโs meal, but to societyโs overall food supply. ๐ฑ
Answer
๊ณต๊ธ โ ์๋ ๊ณต๊ธ means food supply.
E. โ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐโ์ ์์ง ์ ๋๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ปํ๋ค.
โIdle spaceโ means space that is not yet being properly used. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฉ โ ํ์ฉ๋๋ค means โto be used/made use of.โ
F. ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ๊ธ์์๋ โ์ข๋คโ๋ณด๋ค โ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋คโ๋ โํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟโ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฉด ๋ ์ ํํ๋ค.
In formal writing, โcontributeโ or โhave an effectโ is more precise than โis good.โ โ๏ธ
Answer
์๋ค โ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ค is formal and clear.
G. ๋์ ๋์
์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If you say urban agriculture solves every problem, the claim can be exaggerated. ๐
Answer
๊ณผ์ฅ โ ๊ณผ์ฅ๋๋ค means โto be exaggerated.โ
H. โ๋ณด์ํ๋คโ๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค.
โTo supplementโ means to fill in an insufficient part. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ฑ์ฐ๋ค โ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฑ์ฐ๋ค explains ๋ณด์ํ๋ค.
I. โํ์ฐํ๋คโ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค.
โTo spreadโ means an idea or method becomes widely distributed. ๐
Answer
ํผ์ง๋ค โ ๋๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง๋ค is the everyday explanation.
J. โ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋คโ๋ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค.
โTo establish/buildโ means to newly create a system or institution. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ง๋ค๋ค โ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๋ค is the simpler explanation of ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ๊ฒฝ์นํ์ โ environmentally friendly
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ โ long-term
- ์ข๋ค โ to be narrow
- ๊ณต๊ธ โ supply
- ํ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be used
- ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ค โ to have an effect
- ๊ณผ์ฅ๋๋ค โ to be exaggerated
- ์ฑ์ฐ๋ค โ to fill
- ํผ์ง๋ค โ to spread
- ๋ง๋ค๋ค โ to make
Tip ๐ก Use formal synonyms for reports, but keep the meaning clear.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋จ์ํ โ์ค๋ ํ๋ ๊ฒโ์ผ๋ก๋ง ์ดํดํ๋ฉด ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง๋ค.
If sustainability is understood only as โdoing something for a long time,โ the meaning becomes too narrow. ๐
Answer
์ข์ โ โ โlong duration onlyโ โ โ
environmental, economic, and social viability.
B. ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ์ํ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
Eco-friendliness is a broader concept than resource circulation. ๐
Answer
๋์ โ โ Treating them as identical โ โ
์นํ๊ฒฝ is broader.
C. โ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋คโ๋ณด๋ค โ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟโ๊ฐ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๋ค.
โStrengthen food securityโ is more natural than โmake food security strong.โ ๐
Answer
๊ฐํํ๋ค โ โ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ค โ โ
๊ฐํํ๋ค.
D. ๋์ ๋์
์ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค.
Urban agriculture supplements food security rather than completely solving it. ๐งบ
Answer
๋ณด์ โ โ Complete solution โ โ
supplementary role.
E. ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฎ์ ์์ฐ๋์ ๋์ ๋์
์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Lack of space and low production volume are representative limitations of urban agriculture. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ A balanced answer includes limits.
F. ์ค์ผ๋ ํ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๊ธด๋ค.
If contaminated soil is not managed, a contradiction arises in the claim of eco-friendly cultivation. ๐งช
Answer
๋ชจ์ โ Soil safety matters when claiming eco-friendly value.
G. ๋์ ๋์
์ด ๊ณ์๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊พธ์คํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For urban agriculture to continue, resident participation must be steadily maintained. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ ์ง โ ์ ์ง๋๋ค means โto be maintained.โ
H. ๋น๋ฌผ ํ์ฉ๊ณผ ํด๋นํ๋ ์์ ๋ญ๋น๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
Rainwater use and composting are methods for reducing resource waste. ๐ง
Answer
์ค์ด๋ โ ๋ญ๋น๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ค is the natural phrase.
I. ๋์ ๋์
์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งํ ๋๋ ์ฅ์ ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ํด์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ฅ์ด ์๊ธด๋ค.
When discussing the effect of urban agriculture, presenting benefits and conditions together creates persuasiveness. ๐ง
Answer
์ค๋ โ ์ค๋๋ ฅ means persuasive power.
J. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์์๋ ๋์ ๋์
์ ๋ง๋ฅ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ
์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
In the conclusion, urban agriculture can be framed not as a universal solution but as a supplementary strategy. ๐งญ
Answer
๋ณด์กฐ์ โ This final wording keeps the claim realistic and advanced.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ข์์ง๋ค โ to become narrow
- ๋๋ค โ to be broad
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ๋ณด์ํ๋ค โ to supplement
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ๋ชจ์ โ contradiction
- ์ ์ง๋๋ค โ to be maintained
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ โ persuasiveness
- ๋ณด์กฐ์ โ supplementary
Tip ๐ก Final answers should avoid hype: acknowledge value, limits, and conditions together.
๐ You finished the full urban-agriculture set! Your next polished answer can grow roots in ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, branches in ์๋ ์๋ณด, and leaves in ์นํ๊ฒฝ nuance. ๐ณ