๐Ÿงฅ

While in the state of: -(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ)

Keywords
์ฑ„๋กœ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Intermediate Grammar
๐Ÿงฅ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • -(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ) means while in the state of... / with something left in that state.
  • It describes doing a second action while the first actionโ€™s result remains unchanged.
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”. = They came in with their shoes still on.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ, ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ, ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์–ด ๋‘” ์ฑ„๋กœ, and ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„. Listen for the โ€œstate kept as-isโ€ feeling.
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

์ฑ„ is a noun-like word meaning state / condition / as it is.
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So -(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ) means:
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while remaining in the state of having done something
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with something still done / left that way
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without changing that state
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Examples:
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”.
    • [sin-ba-reul si-neun chae-ro bang-e deu-reo-wa-sseo-yo]
      They came into the room with their shoes still on. ๐Ÿ‘Ÿ
  • ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • [bu-reul kyeon chae-ro jam-deu-reo-sseo-yo]
      I fell asleep with the light left on. ๐Ÿ’ก
  • ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
    • [a-mu mal-do ha-ji a-neun chae tteo-na-sseo-yo]
      They left without saying anything. ๐Ÿšช
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This grammar often feels descriptive, story-like, or slightly formal. It is very useful for states involving clothing, lights, doors, posture, silence, emotion, preparation, and things left unchanged.

๐Ÿง  What Is ์ฑ„ Doing?

์ฑ„ packages a completed action as a maintained state.
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Tiny map:
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ๋‹ค = to put on/wear shoes
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„ = in the state of wearing shoes
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋‹ค = to come in while still wearing shoes
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Common chunks:
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with shoes on
  • ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with clothes on
  • ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with the light on
  • ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with the door open
  • ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with eyes closed
  • ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ โ€” without saying anything

๐Ÿงฉ Formation Rules

1. Vowel-ending action verb stem + ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ)

  • ์ž๋‹ค โ†’ ์ž” ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” while asleep / in a slept state
  • ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with it turned on
  • ๋„๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ˆ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with it turned off
  • ๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ฐ„ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” after going and remaining away
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2. Consonant-ending action verb stem + ์€ ์ฑ„(๋กœ)

  • ์ž…๋‹ค โ†’ ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with clothes on
  • ์‹ ๋‹ค โ†’ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with shoes on
  • ๋‹ซ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋‹ซ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with it closed
  • ์•‰๋‹ค โ†’ ์•‰์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” while seated
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3. ใ„น-ending stems drop ใ„น + ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ)

  • ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with it open
  • ์‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ ์‚ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” while alive / in a living state
  • ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค โ†’ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with it made and left that way
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4. Negative: -์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„(๋กœ)

Use this for โ€œwithout doing...โ€ in a state of not having done something.
  • ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. โ€” I went out without eating.
  • ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” I submitted it without checking.
  • ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”. โ€” They left without saying anything.
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5. Optional ๋กœ

Both ์ฑ„ and ์ฑ„๋กœ are common.
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”.
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”.
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์ฑ„๋กœ can feel a little clearer for learners because ๋กœ marks โ€œin/with that state.โ€

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How It Works in Sentences

Clothing / body state

  • ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ž ๊น ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
    • I went out briefly with my coat on. ๐Ÿงฅ
  • ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • I listened to music with my eyes closed. ๐ŸŽง
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Doors, lights, devices

  • ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
    • Donโ€™t leave the door open. ๐Ÿšช
  • ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • I left work with the computer still on. ๐Ÿ’ป
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Without doing something

  • ์•„์นจ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
    • I went to school without eating breakfast. ๐Ÿณ
  • ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
    • I sent it without checking properly. ๐Ÿ“ฉ
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Emotional or social state

  • ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
    • If you talk while angry, it can get worse. ๐Ÿ˜ค
  • ์„œ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • They sat there without saying anything to each other. ๐Ÿค

๐Ÿ” Meaning Contrast

-(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ)

A completed state remains while another action happens.
  • ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”.
    • They came in with their shoes on.
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-์•„/์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค / ๋‘๋‹ค

Do something and leave/keep the result.
  • ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์–ด ๋†“์•˜์–ด์š”.
    • I opened the door and left it open.
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-์•„/์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค

A resulting state exists.
  • ๋ฌธ์ด ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
    • The door is open.
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-๋ฉด์„œ

Two actions happen together, not necessarily a maintained state.
  • ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • I walked while listening to music.
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-๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ

More literal โ€œin the state of...โ€ Often overlaps with ์ฑ„๋กœ, but sounds more explanatory.
  • ๋ฌธ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • It was in an open state.
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Shortcut:
  • state kept while doing B โ†’ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • result intentionally left ready โ†’ ๋†“๋‹ค/๋‘๋‹ค
  • state simply exists โ†’ ์žˆ๋‹ค
  • two actions together โ†’ -๋ฉด์„œ

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note


๐Ÿชž Synonym & Usage Alert

Possible English translations:
  • while still...
  • with ... on/open/closed
  • in the state of...
  • without doing...
  • leaving ... as it is
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Useful chunks:
  • ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ โ€” as it is
  • ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ โ€” in that state
  • ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with clothes on
  • ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with shoes on
  • ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with something turned on
  • ๋‹ซ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” with something closed
  • ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ โ€” without doing
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Tone note:
  • ์ฑ„๋กœ is common in speech and writing.
  • ์ฑ„ without ๋กœ can sound a bit more compact or written, especially in phrases like ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ when you mean โ€œwith shoes onโ€ โ†’ โœ… ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
  • โŒ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ. ใ„น-ending verbs drop ใ„น.
  • โŒ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผœ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š” โ†’ โœ… ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š”.
  • โŒ Using ์ฑ„๋กœ for simple simultaneous actions โ†’ โœ… ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์–ด์š” is better for โ€œwalked while listening.โ€
  • โš ๏ธ -(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„๋กœ usually describes a maintained result state, not just any โ€œwhile.โ€

You now have the โ€œstate left as-isโ€ tool: ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ, ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ, ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ, ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„. State grammar unlocked. ๐Ÿงฅโœจ
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Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each blank with the correct -(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ) form.
1. ์‹ ๋‹ค โ†’ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”.
Answer
์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” came in with shoes on.
2. ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ถˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žค์–ด์š”.
Answer
์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ.
3. ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ฌธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
Answer
์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
4. ๊ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
5. ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค โ†’ ์•„์นจ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
6. ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค โ†’ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ / ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
7. Choose: โ€œwith the door openโ€
โ‘  ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ / โ‘ก ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ
Answer
โ‘  ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
8. Choose: โ€œwhile listening to musicโ€ as a simple simultaneous action
โ‘  ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ / โ‘ก ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
Answer
โ‘  ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ is better for simple simultaneous action.
9. Fix: โŒ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผœ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š”
Answer
๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š”.
10. Translate: โ€œThey left without saying anything.โ€
Answer
์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ฑ„ โ†’ state/as-is condition
  • ์‹ ๋‹ค โ†’ to wear shoes
  • ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ to turn on
  • ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ to open
  • ๊ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to close eyes
  • ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to check
  • ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ โ†’ not a word
  • ๋– ๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ to leave
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the state stays unchanged while another action happens, ์ฑ„๋กœ may fit.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below trains clothing states, open/closed states, negative โ€œwithout doing,โ€ and contrasts with -๋ฉด์„œ, -์•„/์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค, and -์•„/์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” While in the state of: -(์œผ)ใ„ด ์ฑ„(๋กœ)
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Welcome to the โ€œleft as-isโ€ lab. ๐Ÿงฅ Youโ€™ll practice building ์ฑ„๋กœ phrases, describing maintained states, using negative -์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„, and choosing between ์ฑ„๋กœ, -๋ฉด์„œ, ๋†“๋‹ค/๋‘๋‹ค, and ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear each completed sentence aloud.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Build the State Phrase ๐Ÿ”ง

A. ์ž…๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
B. ์‹ ๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
C. ์•‰๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์•‰์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
D. ๊ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
E. ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ
F. ๋„๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋ˆ ์ฑ„๋กœ
G. ๋‹ซ๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋‹ซ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
H. ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ
I. ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
J. ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ / ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„
๐Ÿ”ง
Form Box
  • vowel stem โ†’ ใ„ด ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • consonant stem โ†’ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • ใ„น stem โ†’ drop ใ„น + ใ„ด ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • negative โ†’ -์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
Memory tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฑ„๋กœ means the state stays as-is.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Clothing, Body, and Posture ๐Ÿงฅ

A. ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”. (wear shoes)
Answer
์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
B. ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž ๊น ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. (wear coat)
Answer
์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
C. ๋ˆˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. (close eyes)
Answer
๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
D. ์˜์ž์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. (sit)
Answer
์•‰์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
E. ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. (wear mask)
Answer
์“ด ์ฑ„๋กœ. For masks, Korean often uses ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋‹ค.
F. ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. (carry on oneโ€™s back)
Answer
๋ฉ˜ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
G. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. (not dry hair)
Answer
๋ง๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
H. ์†์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ์ง€์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. (not wash hands)
Answer
์”ป์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
I. ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„์š”. (sit)
Answer
์•‰์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
J. ์ž…์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์›ƒ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. (cover mouth)
Answer
๊ฐ€๋ฆฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
๐Ÿงฅ
Body-state words
  • ์ž…๋‹ค โ†’ to wear clothes
  • ์‹ ๋‹ค โ†’ to wear shoes/socks
  • ์“ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to wear a mask/hat/glasses
  • ๋ฉ”๋‹ค โ†’ to carry on shoulder/back
  • ์•‰๋‹ค โ†’ to sit
  • ๊ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to close eyes
  • ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to cover
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Open, Closed, On, Off ๐Ÿ’ก

A. ๋ถˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. (turn on)
Answer
์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ.
B. ๋ฌธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. (open)
Answer
์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
C. ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. (close)
Answer
๋‹ซ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
D. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. (turn on)
Answer
์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ.
E. ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšŒ์˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. (turn off)
Answer
๋ˆ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
F. ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์™ธ์ถœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. (turn on)
Answer
์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ.
G. ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์š”. (not close/lock)
Answer
์ž ๊ทธ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
H. ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ป์–ด์š”.
Answer
์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ โ€” ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
I. ๋ฌธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”. (close)
Answer
๋‹ซ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
J. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. (turn on)
Answer
์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ.
๐Ÿ’ก
Object-state words
  • ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ to turn on
  • ๋„๋‹ค โ†’ to turn off
  • ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ to open
  • ๋‹ซ๋‹ค โ†’ to close
  • ์ž ๊ทธ๋‹ค โ†’ to lock / fasten
  • ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to save
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ, not ์ผœ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ, when the on-state remains.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Choose the Best Grammar ๐Ÿงญ

A. โ€œThey came in with shoes on.โ€
โ‘  ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘ . The shoe-wearing state remains.
B. โ€œI walked while listening to music.โ€
โ‘  ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘  for simple simultaneous action.
C. โ€œThe door is open.โ€
โ‘  ๋ฌธ์ด ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘  is the simple state description. โ‘ก can mean someone/something remains with the door open, but it is more marked.
D. โ€œDonโ€™t leave the door open.โ€
โ‘  ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š” / โ‘ก ๋ฌธ์ด ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘ .
E. โ€œI opened the door and left it open.โ€
โ‘  ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์–ด ๋†“์•˜์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋†“์•˜์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘ . -์•„/์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค shows action done and result left.
F. โ€œI went out without eating breakfast.โ€
โ‘  ์•„์นจ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ์•„์นจ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘ .
G. โ€œI fell asleep with the light on.โ€
โ‘  ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผœ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘ .
H. โ€œI saved the file for later.โ€
โ‘  ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•ด ๋‘์—ˆ์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘  is the natural readiness expression.
I. โ€œThey sat without saying anything.โ€
โ‘  ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
Answer
โ‘ .
J. โ€œThe light has been left on.โ€
โ‘  ๋ถˆ์ด ์ผœ์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š” / โ‘ก ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ
Answer
โ‘  is a full state sentence. โ‘ก is a phrase and needs a main clause.
๐Ÿงญ
Decision Box
  • state kept while doing B โ†’ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • two actions together โ†’ -๋ฉด์„œ
  • result intentionally left โ†’ -์•„/์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค
  • result state exists โ†’ -์•„/์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค
  • without doing โ†’ -์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Translation + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. Translate: โ€œI slept with the light on.โ€
Answer
๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š”.
B. Translate: โ€œThey entered with their shoes on.โ€
Answer
์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์–ด์š”.
C. Translate: โ€œDonโ€™t leave the window open.โ€
Answer
์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
D. Translate: โ€œI submitted it without checking.โ€
Answer
ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
E. Translate: โ€œThey sat without saying anything.โ€
Answer
์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
F. Fix: โŒ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
Answer
๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
G. Fix: โŒ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ
Answer
์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
H. Fix: โŒ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผœ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š”
Answer
๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žค์–ด์š”.
I. Choose the โ€œwithout eatingโ€ phrase: ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ / ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
Answer
๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ.
J. Choose the simple โ€œwhile walking and listeningโ€ grammar: ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ / ๋“ค์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
Answer
๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ.
๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Final Check
  • ์ž…๋‹ค โ†’ ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • ์‹ ๋‹ค โ†’ ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • ์ผœ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • ๋„๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ˆ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ
  • ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค โ†’ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
Final Boss Rule ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฑ„๋กœ is not just โ€œwhile.โ€ It means the first actionโ€™s result stays in place while the second action happens.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Practice complete. You can now describe maintained states naturally: ์‹ ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ, ์ผ  ์ฑ„๋กœ, ์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ, and ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„. Korean โ€œas-isโ€ grammar unlocked. ๐Ÿงฅโœจ