๐Ÿ“ฐ

According to: -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด

Keywords
์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Intermediate Grammar
๐Ÿ“ฐ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด [-e ui-ha-myeon] means โ€œaccording toโ€ฆโ€ or โ€œbased onโ€ฆโ€
  • It names the source of information: ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the news, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the survey results.
  • It is formal and source-focused, so it pairs naturally with report-style endings like -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, -๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, -๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, and -๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด [nyu-seu-e ui-ha-myeon], ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด [ja-ryo-e ui-ha-myeon], ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด [yeon-gu gyeol-gwa-e ui-ha-myeon], and ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด [jeon-mun-ga-e ui-ha-myeon]. This one should sound like clean report Korean, not casual gossip. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

-์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด introduces the source that your information depends on.
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It often means:
  • according to...
  • based on...
  • judging from...
  • if we go by...
  • according to what X says/reports...
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Example:
  • ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [nyu-seu-e ui-ha-myeon nae-il bi-ga on-da-go ham-ni-da]
      According to the news, it will rain tomorrow. โ˜”
      ๋‰ด์Šค [nyu-seu] = news, ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋‹ค [bi-ga o-da] = to rain.
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Tiny grammar map:
  • ๋‰ด์Šค = news
  • ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the news
  • ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. = according to the news, it says it will rain tomorrow
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This pattern is especially useful for writing, presentations, reports, and TOPIK-style explanations where you need to cite a source instead of simply saying โ€œI think.โ€
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๐Ÿง  Core Meaning

Source โ†’ reported information

The first part names the source. The second part gives the information from that source.
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  • ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [jo-sa gyeol-gwa-e ui-ha-myeon man-jok-do-ga nop-da-go ham-ni-da]
      According to the survey results, satisfaction is high. ๐Ÿ“Š
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  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [jeon-mun-ga-e ui-ha-myeon i bang-beo-bi hyo-gwa-jeo-gi-ra-go ham-ni-da]
      According to an expert, this method is effective. ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ
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  • ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [il-gi ye-bo-e ui-ha-myeon ju-ma-re nu-ni ol geo-ra-go ham-ni-da]
      According to the weather forecast, it will snow on the weekend. โ„๏ธ
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๐ŸŽจ Formation Rules

Attach ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด to a noun that can function as an information source.
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1. Source noun + ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด

  • ๋‰ด์Šค โ†’ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the news
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the materials/data
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ โ†’ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the report
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to an expert
  • ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the survey results
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2. Common sentence endings after it

Because -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด introduces information from a source, the sentence often uses reported-speech style.
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  • -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค = it is said/reported that...
    • ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • According to the data, prices rose.
  • -๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค = it is said to be N...
    • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • According to the report, the biggest problem is cost.
  • -๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค = it was shown/found that...
    • ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • According to the survey results, satisfaction was found to be high.
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๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How It Works in Real Sentences

News and public information

  • ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์šดํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [nyu-seu-e ui-ha-myeon ji-ha-cheol un-haeng si-ga-ni byeon-gyeong-dwaet-da-go ham-ni-da]
      According to the news, the subway operating hours changed. ๐Ÿš‡
      ์šดํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ [un-haeng si-gan] = operating hours, ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋‹ค [byeon-gyeong-doe-da] = to be changed.
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Reports and research

  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [bo-go-seo-e ui-ha-myeon ol-la-in su-eop cham-yeo-yu-ri jeung-ga-haet-da-go ham-ni-da]
      According to the report, online class participation increased. ๐Ÿ’ป
      ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ [cham-yeo-yul] = participation rate, ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค [jeung-ga-ha-da] = to increase.
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People as sources

  • ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์ฒญ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์€ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [dam-dang-ja-e ui-ha-myeon sin-cheong ma-gam-i-reun geu-myo-i-ri-ra-go ham-ni-da]
      According to the person in charge, the application deadline is Friday. ๐Ÿ“…
      ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž [dam-dang-ja] = person in charge, ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ [ma-gam-il] = deadline.
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๐Ÿ” -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด vs -์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด

These are very close.
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-์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด

Formal โ€œaccording to / based on.โ€ Often used with documents, research, experts, rules, and reports.
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • According to research results, sleep time greatly affects health.
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-์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด

Also means โ€œaccording to.โ€ It is extremely common in news/reporting and often feels a bit more direct or journalistic.
  • ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • According to the news, temperatures will drop starting tomorrow.
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Practical learner note: in many everyday and report-style contexts, they can be swapped. For this lesson, remember:
  • -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to / based on
  • -์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด = according to / if following the source
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๐Ÿ” -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด vs Quoted-Reason Patterns

-์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด

Names the source of information.
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งค์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • According to the report, sales increased.
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-๋‹ค๊ธฐ์—

Explains an action based on something heard.
  • ๋งค์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ์— ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • I checked the materials because I heard sales increased.
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-๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ

Can mean โ€œbecause someone saidโ€ฆโ€ or โ€œjust becauseโ€ฆโ€
  • ๋งค์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
    • Just because sales increased doesnโ€™t mean everyone felt relieved.
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Shortcut:
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด โ†’ according to the report
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ์— โ†’ because I heard it increased
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ†’ because someone said it increased / just because it increased
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๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

This lesson was cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / korean.go.kr. Korean.go.kr guidance notes that when using -์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด or -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, the context is information delivery, so it is appropriate to use quotation/reporting-style wording in the following clause. This lesson also connects with
๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Indirect Quote (Statement): -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค
,
๐Ÿ“จ
Simply Because (Quoted): -๋‹ค๊ธฐ์—
, and
๐Ÿ“ˆ
Reporting Research: -๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋‹ค
.
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๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด [-e ui-ha-myeon] = according to / based on ๐Ÿ“ฐ
  • -์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด [-e tta-reu-myeon] = according to / if following the source ๐Ÿ—ž๏ธ
  • -์— ์˜ํ•œ [-e ui-han] = caused by / based on / by means of, used before nouns
  • -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค [-da-go ha-da] = to say that / reported speech
  • -๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋‹ค [-neun geo-seu-ro na-ta-na-da] = to be shown/found to be, common in research/reporting
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โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š”. โ†’ โœ… Better report style: ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • โŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด for โ€œin my opinionโ€ โ†’ โœ… Use ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” or ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š”. -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด is for sources/evidence, not casual personal opinion.
  • โŒ Using -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด for direct cause โ†’ โœ… It means โ€œaccording to,โ€ not โ€œbecause of.โ€
  • โŒ Forgetting the source noun โ†’ โœ… Put the source first: ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด.
  • โš ๏ธ In casual speech, -์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด or -๋Œ€์š” may sound more natural. -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด is polished and source-focused.
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๐ŸŽ‰ Source-attribution grammar unlocked. With -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, you can sound like you are citing a report, expert, survey, or official source: ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด. ๐Ÿ“ฐโœจ
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Try this exercise
Instructions Complete each sentence with -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด and a natural reported ending.
1. ๋‰ด์Šค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ˜”
Answer
๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด โ€” according to the news.
2. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งค์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
3. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
4. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
5. ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ„๏ธ
Answer
์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
6. Choose the better sentence:
โ‘  ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” reporting-style ending fits -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด.
7. Fix it: โŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„์š”. โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„์š”. / ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
8. ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์€ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
9. Translate: โ€œAccording to the data, the number of users decreased.โ€
Answer
์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10. Which means โ€œaccording to the reportโ€?
โ‘  ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
Answer
โ‘  โ€” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the report.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋‰ด์Šค [nyu-seu] โ†’ news
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ [bo-go-seo] โ†’ report
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ [jeon-mun-ga] โ†’ expert
  • ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ [jo-sa gyeol-gwa] โ†’ survey results
  • ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด [il-gi ye-bo] โ†’ weather forecast
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ [ja-ryo] โ†’ data/materials
  • ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ [ga-gyeok] โ†’ price
  • ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž [dam-dang-ja] โ†’ person in charge
  • ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ [ma-gam-il] โ†’ deadline
  • ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค [gam-so-ha-da] โ†’ to decrease
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด likes reliable-sounding source nouns.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Keep scrolling to the Practice Hub when youโ€™re ready!
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” According to: -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
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This Practice Hub trains source-attribution sentences for news, reports, surveys, experts, data, announcements, and research-style statements. Each exercise has 10 questions, Aโ€“J. Time to sound like a tiny Korean news anchor. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
when you want to hear each completed sentence.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Source Builder ๐Ÿงฑ

A. ๋‰ด์Šค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
B. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
C. ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
E. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
F. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
G. ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
H. ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
I. ๊ทœ์ • โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
J. ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
๐Ÿงฑ
Form reminder
Noun source + ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
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No irregular changes. Just attach ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด after the source noun.
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Exercise 2 โ€” News and Reports ๐Ÿ—ž๏ธ

A. According to the news, it will rain tomorrow.
๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
B. According to the report, sales increased.
๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งค์ถœ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
C. According to the data, prices decreased.
์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
D. According to the announcement, the schedule changed.
๊ณต์ง€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ์ •์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
E. According to the weather forecast, it will snow this weekend.
์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
F. According to the person in charge, the deadline is Friday.
๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์€ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
G. According to the rules, entry is not allowed.
๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
H. According to the survey, satisfaction is high.
์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
I. According to the research results, sleep is important.
์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
J. According to the expert, this method is safe.
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋งค์ถœ โ†’ sales
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to decrease
  • ๊ณต์ง€ โ†’ announcement/notice
  • ์ผ์ • โ†’ schedule
  • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be changed
  • ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ โ†’ deadline
  • ์ž…์žฅ โ†’ entry
  • ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ†’ satisfaction level
  • ์ˆ˜๋ฉด โ†’ sleep
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก After -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, use report-style endings.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Choose the Better Source Style ๐Ÿ”

A. According to my opinion...
โ‘  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” use ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” for โ€œin my opinion.โ€
B. According to the report...
โ‘  ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
Answer
โ‘ 
C. Because of the rain...
โ‘  ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ๋น„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด is โ€œaccording to,โ€ not โ€œbecause of.โ€
D. According to the expert...
โ‘  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ธฐ์—
Answer
โ‘  โ€” source attribution.
E. Because I heard they are an expert...
โ‘  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ธฐ์—
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” action based on heard information.
F. According to the survey results...
โ‘  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
Answer
โ‘ 
G. Just because itโ€™s expensive...
โ‘  ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
โ‘ก ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
Answer
โ‘ 
H. According to the weather forecast...
โ‘  ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
Answer
โ‘ 
I. Because I heard it would rain...
โ‘  ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ธฐ์—
โ‘ก ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
Answer
โ‘ 
J. According to the data...
โ‘  ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
โ‘ก ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ผ๊ธฐ์—
Answer
โ‘ 
๐Ÿ”
Decision Box
  • Source says information โ†’ -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
  • Heard information caused action โ†’ -๋‹ค๊ธฐ์—
  • Just because A... โ†’ -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • Direct cause โ†’ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ, -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Research-Style Korean ๐Ÿ“Š

A. According to survey results, satisfaction was found to be high.
์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
B. According to research results, the number of users increased.
์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
C. According to the data, the effect is limited.
์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค / ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
D. According to the report, the cause is stress.
๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›์ธ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค / ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
E. According to the survey, many people prefer online classes.
์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
F. According to the study, sleep affects memory.
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
G. According to the statistics, the population decreased.
ํ†ต๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
H. According to the announcement, applications start tomorrow.
๊ณต์ง€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์ฒญ์€ ๋‚ด์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
I. According to the rules, photos are not allowed.
๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ดฌ์˜์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
J. According to the interview, the biggest problem is time.
์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
Answer
์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๐Ÿ“Š
Research-style endings
  • -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ it is said/reported that
  • -๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ it is said to be N
  • -๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ it was found/shown that
  • -๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ stated/revealed that
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Fix the Mistake ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
B. โŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ข‹์•„์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ข‹์•„์š”. / ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ข‹์•„์š”.
C. โŒ ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธธ์ด ๋ง‰ํ˜”์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋น„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธธ์ด ๋ง‰ํ˜”์–ด์š”. / ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ง‰ํ˜”์–ด์š”.
D. โŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›์ธ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… report style:
Answer
๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›์ธ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
E. โŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์œผ์„ธ์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
F. โŒ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (intended: according to the data) โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
G. โŒ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (intended: according to the news) โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
H. โŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์š”. โ†’ โœ… formal:
Answer
์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. / ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I. โŒ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ฐ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ดฌ์˜์€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
J. โŒ ๋‚ ์”จ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”์›Œ์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถฅ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Final Check
  • ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the news
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the data/materials
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to the report
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to an expert
  • ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด = according to survey results
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Source first, reported information second.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Youโ€™ve finished -์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด. You can now cite sources cleanly in Korean: ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด. Very official. Very clipboard. ๐Ÿ“ฐโœจ