๐Ÿ›๏ธ

Formal/Written Reason: -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ

Keywords
-(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Intermediate Grammar
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ [-(eu)-meu-ro] means because / since, with a formal, written, logical-reason feeling.
  • ๐Ÿ“„ It appears in notices, reports, announcements, rules, formal emails, and official explanations: ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [gong-sa jung-i-meu-ro i-yong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da] โ€” Since it is under construction, it cannot be used.
  • โš ๏ธ Do not confuse ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ [ha-meu-ro] โ€œbecause one does/isโ€ฆโ€ with ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ [ha-meu-ro-sseo] โ€œby doingโ€ฆโ€
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, and ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ. Read these like formal announcement Korean. ๐Ÿ“ข
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

-(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ connects a reason to a result, like โ€œbecauseโ€ or โ€œsince.โ€ The key difference is tone: it sounds formal, logical, and written.
ย 
Everyday speech usually prefers -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ, -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, or -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—. But for official notices, academic writing, business explanations, safety signs, policies, and reports, -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ is a strong choice. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
ย 
Basic examples:
  • ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [nal-ssi-ga jo-eu-meu-ro haeng-sa-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da] โ€” Since the weather is good, we will proceed with the event. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
      ๋‚ ์”จ = weather; ์ข‹๋‹ค = to be good; ํ–‰์‚ฌ = event; ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค = to proceed.
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
    • [wi-heom-ha-meu-ro deu-reo-ga-ji ma-sip-si-o] โ€” Since it is dangerous, please do not enter. โš ๏ธ
      ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค = to be dangerous; ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋‹ค = to enter.

๐ŸŽจ The Core -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ Family

1. Verb/adjective stem + -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ

Use this for a formal reason.
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฏ€๋กœ [bi-ga o-meu-ro] โ€” because it rains / since it is raining ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
  • ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ [ja-ri-ga eop-seu-meu-ro] โ€” because there are no seats ๐Ÿช‘
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ [wi-heom-ha-meu-ro] โ€” because it is dangerous โš ๏ธ
  • ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ [jung-yo-ha-meu-ro] โ€” because it is important ๐Ÿ“Œ
ย 

2. Noun + ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ

For nouns, use ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
  • ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ [hak-saeng-i-meu-ro] โ€” because someone is a student ๐Ÿซ
  • ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ [mu-ryo-i-meu-ro] โ€” because it is free of charge ๐ŸŽŸ๏ธ
  • ๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ [gong-hyu-il-i-meu-ro] โ€” because it is a public holiday ๐Ÿ“…
ย 

3. Past/future formal reason

You can use tense before -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ.
  • ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ [wan-ryo-doe-eo-sseu-meu-ro] โ€” because it has been completed โœ…
  • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ [byeon-gyeong-doe-eo-sseu-meu-ro] โ€” because it has been changed ๐Ÿ”
  • ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ [pi-ryo-ha-ge-sseu-meu-ro] โ€” because it will probably be necessary ๐Ÿ“Œ

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How It Works in a Sentence

  • ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
    • [hoe-ui-ga si-jak-doe-eo-sseu-meu-ro jo-yong-hi hae ju-sip-si-o] โ€” Since the meeting has started, please be quiet. ๐Ÿ’ผ
      ํšŒ์˜ = meeting; ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋‹ค = to start / be started; ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค = to be quiet.
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
    • [ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-meu-ro ban-deu-si hwa-gi-na-sip-si-o] โ€” Since the materials are important, please make sure to check them. ๐Ÿ“„
      ์ž๋ฃŒ = materials/data; ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค = to be important; ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋‹ค = to check.
  • ๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [gong-hyu-il-i-meu-ro eun-haeng-eun mu-neul dat-seum-ni-da] โ€” Since it is a public holiday, the bank is closed. ๐Ÿฆ
      ๊ณตํœด์ผ = public holiday; ์€ํ–‰ = bank; ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋‹ค = to close.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

1. Vowel-ending stems + ๋ฏ€๋กœ

  • ๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ฐ€๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because someone goes
  • ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์˜ค๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because someone comes / because it rains
  • ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is important
ย 

2. Consonant-ending stems except ใ„น + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ

  • ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because there is / because someone has
  • ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because there is not / because someone does not have
  • ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is good
ย 

3. ใ„น-ending stems + ๋ฏ€๋กœ

Keep ใ„น.
  • ๋ฉ€๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ฉ€๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is far
  • ์‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ ์‚ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because someone lives
ย 

4. Nouns + ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ

  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because someone is a student
  • ๊ณตํœด์ผ โ†’ ๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is a public holiday
  • ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ โ†’ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is free of charge

๐Ÿšจ Exception Rules

ใ…‚-irregular verbs/adjectives

Because ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ begins with a vowel sound, many ใ…‚-irregular stems change ใ…‚ to ์šฐ, then attach ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
  • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is cold
  • ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค โ†’ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is difficult
  • ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it is slippery
ย 

Past tense

Past tense uses -์•˜/์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
  • ๋๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๋๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it ended
  • ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because it has been completed
ย 

Do not add ์จ

  • โŒ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ
  • โœ… ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because one does/is...
  • โœ… ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ โ€” by doing...

๐Ÿ” -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ vs Other Reason Grammar

-(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ

Formal/written reason; good for notices and official language.
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. โ€” Since it is dangerous, please do not enter.
ย 

-๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—

Strong, clear reason; neutral and flexible.
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. โ€” Because it is dangerous, please do not enter.
ย 

-(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Useful for spoken reasons before commands, requests, and suggestions.
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. โ€” Since it is dangerous, please do not enter.
ย 

-์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ

Smooth everyday reason/result.
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ง‰ํ˜”์–ด์š”. โ€” The road was jammed because it rained.
ย 

-(์œผ)๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„

Very formal written โ€œdue to / owing to,โ€ often heavier than -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ.
  • ํญ์šฐ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€” Damage occurred due to heavy rain.

๐Ÿงญ Formal Writing Note: ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ vs ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ

This is a major Korean writing pitfall.
ย 

ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ = because / since

  • ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [geu-neun seong-sil-ha-meu-ro sil-loe-hal su it-seum-ni-da] โ€” Since the person is sincere, they can be trusted. ๐Ÿค
ย 

ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ = by doing / by means of doing

  • ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • [kku-jun-hi yeon-seu-pa-meu-ro-sseo sil-lyeo-gi hyang-sang-doem-ni-da] โ€” Skill improves by practicing steadily. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
ย 
Quick check:
  • reason โ†’ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
  • method/means โ†’ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The form and usage of -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ as a connective ending for cause/reason, including the distinction between ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ and ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, were cross-checked against korean.go.kr. This lesson also connects with
๐Ÿ’ช
The Strong Reason: -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
,
๐Ÿงญ
Reason for Request: -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
,
๐ŸŒ‰
Reason and Result: ์•„์„œ / ์–ด์„œ
,
๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Formal Reason (Written): -(์œผ)๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„
, and
๐Ÿงฐ
By means of: -(์œผ)๋กœ์จ
. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

These all explain reasons, but they live in different rooms:
  • -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” because/since; formal written reason ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
  • -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€” because; clear and flexible ๐Ÿ’ช
  • -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ€” since/because; natural before requests and suggestions ๐Ÿงญ
  • -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ โ€” because/so; everyday smooth reason ๐ŸŒ‰
  • -(์œผ)๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ โ€” due to/owing to; very formal written cause ๐Ÿ“ฐ
  • ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ โ€” by doing; method/means, not reason ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ โ†’ โœ… ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ (reason) / ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ (method).
  • โŒ ์žˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ (consonant stem except ใ„น + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ).
  • โŒ ๋ฉ€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ๋ฉ€๋ฏ€๋กœ (ใ„น-ending stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ).
  • โŒ ์ถฅ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ (ใ…‚-irregular).
  • โŒ Using -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ in casual chat everywhere โ†’ โœ… Use it mainly in formal writing, announcements, rules, and reports.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Now you can write formal Korean reasons without sounding like a casual text message wandered into a legal notice. -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ unlocked. ๐Ÿ›๏ธโœจ
ย 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Fill each blank with the correct formal reason form. Pay attention to consonant stems, vowel stems, ใ„น-stems, nouns, and ใ…‚-irregular forms.
1. ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ ์œ„ํ—˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[wi-heom-ha-da โ†’ wi-heom๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ deu-reo-ga-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is dangerous, please do not enter. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” vowel-ending ํ•˜๋‹ค stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
2. ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[it-da โ†’ ja-ri-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ye-ya-gi pi-ryo-ham-ni-da]
Since there are seats, a reservation is necessary. ๐Ÿช‘
Answer
์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” consonant stem + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
3. ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[jot-da โ†’ nal-ssi-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ haeng-sa-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da]
Since the weather is good, we will proceed with the event. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
Answer
์ข‹์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” consonant stem + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
4. ๋ฉ€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[meol-da โ†’ geo-ri-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ taek-si-reul i-yong-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the distance is far, please use a taxi. ๐Ÿš•
Answer
๋ฉ€๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ„น-ending stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
5. ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[chup-da โ†’ nal-ssi-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ tta-tteu-ta-ge i-beu-sip-si-o]
Since the weather is cold, please dress warmly. ๐Ÿงฅ
Answer
์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ…‚-irregular: ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
6. ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ ํ•™์ƒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[hak-saeng โ†’ hak-saeng๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gyu-chi-geul ji-kyeo-ya ham-ni-da]
Since you are a student, you must follow the rules. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” noun + ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
7. ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ ์‹ ์ฒญ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[wan-ryo-doe-da โ†’ sin-cheong-i ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ byeon-gyeong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da]
Since the application has been completed, it cannot be changed. โœ…
Answer
์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” past formal reason.
8. โŒ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ (reason)
Answer
ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” reason form; no ์จ.
9. โŒ ์žˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” consonant stem + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
10. Choose the reason form:
โ‘  ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
โ‘ก ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ means โ€œbecause/since one does/is.โ€ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ means โ€œby doing.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be dangerous
  • ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ to enter
  • ์ž๋ฆฌ โ†’ seat
  • ์˜ˆ์•ฝ โ†’ reservation
  • ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be necessary
  • ๋‚ ์”จ โ†’ weather
  • ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ to be good
  • ํ–‰์‚ฌ โ†’ event
  • ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to proceed
  • ๋ฉ€๋‹ค โ†’ to be far
  • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ to be cold
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ student
  • ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be completed
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Reason = ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ. Method = ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns formal notices, rules, and report-style reasons into a full workout. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Formal/Written Reason: -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ
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Welcome to the formal-reason workshop. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Youโ€™ll practice turning everyday โ€œbecauseโ€ ideas into notice-ready Korean that sounds at home in announcements, reports, and rules.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
when you want to hear a sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the correct formal reason form, then check whether the stem needs ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, or an irregular change.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Basic Formal Reason Forms ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[wi-heom-ha๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ deu-reo-ga-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is dangerous, please do not enter. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” vowel-ending stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
B. ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[jung-yo-ha๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ban-deu-si hwa-gi-na-sip-si-o]
Since it is important, please make sure to check it. ๐Ÿ“Œ
Answer
์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ.
C. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[bi-ga o๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ u-sa-neul jun-bi-ha-sip-si-o]
Since it is raining, please prepare an umbrella. โ˜”
Answer
์˜ค๋ฏ€๋กœ.
D. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[ja-ryo-ga it๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hwa-gin-hal su it-seum-ni-da]
Since there are materials, it can be checked. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
E. ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[ja-ri-ga eop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gi-da-ryeo ju-sip-si-o]
Since there are no seats, please wait. ๐Ÿช‘
Answer
์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
F. ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[nal-ssi-ga jot๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ haeng-sa-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da]
Since the weather is good, we will proceed with the event. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
Answer
์ข‹์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
G. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[geo-ri-ga meol๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ taek-si-reul i-yong-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the distance is far, please use a taxi. ๐Ÿš•
Answer
๋ฉ€๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ„น-ending stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
H. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค„์„ ์„œ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[sa-ra-mi man๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ju-reul seo-sip-si-o]
Since there are many people, please stand in line. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
I. ๊ธธ์ด ์ข๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑธ์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[gi-ri jop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ cheon-cheo-ni geo-reu-sip-si-o]
Since the road is narrow, please walk slowly. ๐Ÿšถ
Answer
์ข์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
J. ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[so-ri-ga keu๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jo-sim-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the sound is loud, please be careful. ๐Ÿ”Š
Answer
ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” vowel-ending stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be dangerous
  • ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be important
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ to rain
  • ์šฐ์‚ฐ โ†’ umbrella
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ materials/data
  • ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to exist / to have
  • ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ not to exist / not to have
  • ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ to be good
  • ๋ฉ€๋‹ค โ†’ to be far
  • ๋งŽ๋‹ค โ†’ to be many
  • ์ข๋‹ค โ†’ to be narrow
  • ํฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to be big/loud
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Vowel and ใ„น stems take ๋ฏ€๋กœ; most other consonant stems take ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Nouns and Official Notices ๐Ÿ“„

A. ๊ณตํœด์ผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[gong-hyu-il๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eun-haeng-eun mu-neul dat-seum-ni-da]
Since it is a public holiday, the bank is closed. ๐Ÿฆ
Answer
๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” noun + ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
B. ํ•™์ƒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[hak-saeng๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gyu-chi-geul ji-kyeo-ya ham-ni-da]
Since you are a student, you must follow the rules. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
C. ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[mu-ryo๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ nu-gu-na i-yong-hal su it-seum-ni-da]
Since it is free of charge, anyone can use it. ๐ŸŽŸ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
D. ๋น„๋ฐ€๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ–์— ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[bi-mil๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ba-kke ma-ra-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is a secret, please do not tell others. ๐Ÿคซ
Answer
๋น„๋ฐ€์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
E. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[jung-yo-han ja-ryo๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ban-deu-si bo-gwan-ha-sip-si-o]
Since these are important materials, please keep them safely. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
F. ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋Šฆ์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[hoe-ui si-gan๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ neut-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is meeting time, please do not be late. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
G. ์‹œํ—˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[si-heom๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jo-yong-hi hae ju-sip-si-o]
Since it is a test, please be quiet. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์‹œํ—˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
H. ๊ณต์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ผญ ์ฝ์–ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[gong-ji sa-hang๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ kkok il-geo ju-sip-si-o]
Since this is a notice, please make sure to read it. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
I. ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[gong-sa jung๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-yong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da]
Since it is under construction, it cannot be used. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
J. ํ•„์ˆ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[pil-su hang-mok๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mo-du jak-seong-ha-sip-si-o]
Since it is a required item, please fill everything out. ๐Ÿ–Š๏ธ
Answer
ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณตํœด์ผ โ†’ public holiday
  • ์€ํ–‰ โ†’ bank
  • ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋‹ค โ†’ to close
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ student
  • ๊ทœ์น™ โ†’ rule
  • ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ โ†’ free of charge
  • ๋น„๋ฐ€ โ†’ secret
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ materials/data
  • ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ โ†’ meeting time
  • ์‹œํ—˜ โ†’ test
  • ๊ณต์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ โ†’ notice
  • ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘ โ†’ under construction
  • ํ•„์ˆ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ โ†’ required item
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Nouns use ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ: ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Past Reasons and Irregulars ๐Ÿ”ง

A. ์‹ ์ฒญ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
[sin-cheong-i wan-ryo-doe๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ byeon-gyeong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da]
Since the application has been completed, it cannot be changed. โœ…
Answer
์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” past formal reason.
B. ์ผ์ •์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[il-jeong-i byeon-gyeong-doe๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hwa-gi-na-sip-si-o]
Since the schedule has been changed, please check it. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
C. ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ‡ด์žฅํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[hoe-ui-ga kkeut-na๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ toe-jang-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the meeting has ended, please exit. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
๋๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
D. ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถฅ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[nal-ssi-ga chup๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ tta-tteu-ta-ge i-beu-sip-si-o]
Since the weather is cold, please dress warmly. ๐Ÿงฅ
Answer
์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ…‚-irregular.
E. ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ฝ์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[mun-je-ga eo-ryeop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ cheon-cheo-ni il-geu-sip-si-o]
Since the question is difficult, please read slowly. ๐Ÿ“–
Answer
์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ…‚-irregular.
F. ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฝ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[gi-ri mi-kkeu-reop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jo-sim-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the road is slippery, please be careful. ๐ŸงŠ
Answer
๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ…‚-irregular.
G. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[ja-ryo-ga pi-ryo-ha-get๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mi-ri jun-bi-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the materials will probably be necessary, please prepare them in advance. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” -๊ฒ - + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
H. ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์˜ค์‹œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
[seon-saeng-nim-kke-seo o-si๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gi-da-ryeo ju-sip-si-o]
Since the teacher is coming, please wait. ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ
Answer
์˜ค์‹œ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” honorific -์‹œ- + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
I. โŒ ์ถฅ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ์ถฅ๋‹ค is ใ…‚-irregular.
J. โŒ ์–ด๋ ต์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค is ใ…‚-irregular.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‹ ์ฒญ โ†’ application
  • ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be completed
  • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be changed
  • ๋๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ to end
  • ํ‡ด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to exit
  • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ to be cold
  • ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค โ†’ to be difficult
  • ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค โ†’ to be slippery
  • ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be necessary
  • ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ โ†’ in advance
  • ์˜ค์‹œ๋‹ค โ†’ to come honorifically
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Past: -์•˜/์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ. ใ…‚-irregular: ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Reason or Method? ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ vs ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ

A. โ€œSince it is important, please check it.โ€
โ‘  ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
โ‘ก ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” reason uses ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ.
B. โ€œBy practicing steadily, skill improves.โ€
โ‘  ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” method/means uses ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ.
C. โ€œSince the person is sincere, they can be trusted.โ€
โ‘  ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ์„ฑ์‹คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” reason.
D. โ€œBy checking the materials, mistakes can be reduced.โ€
โ‘  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” method/means.
E. โ€œSince there is no time, please hurry.โ€
โ‘  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
โ‘ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” reason.
F. โ€œBy following the rules, accidents can be prevented.โ€
โ‘  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ง€ํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” method/means.
G. โ€œSince it is free, anyone can use it.โ€
โ‘  ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” noun reason uses ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
H. โ€œBy reading the notice, details can be known.โ€
โ‘  ๊ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ‘ก ๊ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” method/means.
I. โŒ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ โ†’ โœ… reason:
Answer
ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
J. โŒ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ โ†’ โœ… method:
Answer
ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be important
  • ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to check
  • ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ โ†’ steadily
  • ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to practice
  • ์‹ค๋ ฅ โ†’ skill
  • ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be sincere/diligent
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to trust
  • ์‹ค์ˆ˜ โ†’ mistake
  • ์ค„์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce
  • ์‚ฌ๊ณ  โ†’ accident
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Reason = ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ. Method = ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์žˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
Answer
์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” consonant stem + ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
B. โŒ ๋ฉ€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
Answer
๋ฉ€๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ„น-ending stem + ๋ฏ€๋กœ.
C. โŒ ์ถฅ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
Answer
์ถ”์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” ใ…‚-irregular.
D. โŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” noun + ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
E. โŒ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ (reason) โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” no ์จ for reason.
F. Choose the formal notice style: โ‘  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. / โ‘ก ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ fits formal notice style.
G. Choose the casual spoken style: โ‘  ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. / โ‘ก ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ is more natural for everyday spoken advice.
H. ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” past reason.
I. ๊ณตํœด์ผ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Answer
๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€” noun + ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ.
J. -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ is best for:
Answer
formal or written reasons โ€” notices, reports, announcements, rules, and official explanations.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to exist / to have
  • ๋ฉ€๋‹ค โ†’ to be far
  • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ to be cold
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ student
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be dangerous
  • ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ to enter
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ to rain
  • ์šฐ์‚ฐ โ†’ umbrella
  • ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be completed
  • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to change
  • ๊ณตํœด์ผ โ†’ public holiday
  • ์€ํ–‰ โ†’ bank
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Final check: formal reason = -(์œผ)๋ฏ€๋กœ; casual advice = -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ; method = ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Formal reason grammar complete! You can now read and write official-sounding reasons like ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ณตํœด์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, and ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ without mixing them up with ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ. ๐Ÿ›๏ธโœจ