TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐๏ธ -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก [-(eu)-meu-ro] means because / since, with a formal, written, logical-reason feeling.
- ๐ It appears in notices, reports, announcements, rules, formal emails, and official explanations: ๊ณต์ฌ ์ค์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. [gong-sa jung-i-meu-ro i-yong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da] โ Since it is under construction, it cannot be used.
- โ ๏ธ Do not confuse ํ๋ฏ๋ก [ha-meu-ro] โbecause one does/isโฆโ with ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ [ha-meu-ro-sseo] โby doingโฆโ
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear ํ๋ฏ๋ก, ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, and ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก. Read these like formal announcement Korean. ๐ข
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๐ The Big Picture
-(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก connects a reason to a result, like โbecauseโ or โsince.โ The key difference is tone: it sounds formal, logical, and written.
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Everyday speech usually prefers -์์/์ด์, -(์ผ)๋๊น, or -๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์. But for official notices, academic writing, business explanations, safety signs, policies, and reports, -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก is a strong choice. ๐๏ธ
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Basic examples:
- ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์ข์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํฉ๋๋ค.
[nal-ssi-ga jo-eu-meu-ro haeng-sa-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da] โ Since the weather is good, we will proceed with the event. ๐ค๏ธ
๋ ์จ = weather; ์ข๋ค = to be good; ํ์ฌ = event; ์งํํ๋ค = to proceed.
- ์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค.
[wi-heom-ha-meu-ro deu-reo-ga-ji ma-sip-si-o] โ Since it is dangerous, please do not enter. โ ๏ธ
์ํํ๋ค = to be dangerous; ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค = to enter.
๐จ The Core -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก Family
1. Verb/adjective stem + -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก
Use this for a formal reason.
- ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ฏ๋ก [bi-ga o-meu-ro] โ because it rains / since it is raining ๐ง๏ธ
- ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก [ja-ri-ga eop-seu-meu-ro] โ because there are no seats ๐ช
- ์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก [wi-heom-ha-meu-ro] โ because it is dangerous โ ๏ธ
- ์ค์ํ๋ฏ๋ก [jung-yo-ha-meu-ro] โ because it is important ๐
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2. Noun + ์ด๋ฏ๋ก
For nouns, use ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
- ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก [hak-saeng-i-meu-ro] โ because someone is a student ๐ซ
- ๋ฌด๋ฃ์ด๋ฏ๋ก [mu-ryo-i-meu-ro] โ because it is free of charge ๐๏ธ
- ๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก [gong-hyu-il-i-meu-ro] โ because it is a public holiday ๐
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3. Past/future formal reason
You can use tense before -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก.
- ์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก [wan-ryo-doe-eo-sseu-meu-ro] โ because it has been completed โ
- ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก [byeon-gyeong-doe-eo-sseu-meu-ro] โ because it has been changed ๐
- ํ์ํ๊ฒ ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก [pi-ryo-ha-ge-sseu-meu-ro] โ because it will probably be necessary ๐
๐ ๏ธ How It Works in a Sentence
- ํ์๊ฐ ์์๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์กฐ์ฉํ ํด ์ฃผ์ญ์์ค.
[hoe-ui-ga si-jak-doe-eo-sseu-meu-ro jo-yong-hi hae ju-sip-si-o] โ Since the meeting has started, please be quiet. ๐ผ
ํ์ = meeting; ์์๋๋ค = to start / be started; ์กฐ์ฉํ ํ๋ค = to be quiet.
- ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค.
[ja-ryo-ga jung-yo-ha-meu-ro ban-deu-si hwa-gi-na-sip-si-o] โ Since the materials are important, please make sure to check them. ๐
์๋ฃ = materials/data; ์ค์ํ๋ค = to be important; ํ์ธํ๋ค = to check.
- ๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ์ต๋๋ค.
[gong-hyu-il-i-meu-ro eun-haeng-eun mu-neul dat-seum-ni-da] โ Since it is a public holiday, the bank is closed. ๐ฆ
๊ณตํด์ผ = public holiday; ์ํ = bank; ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๋ค = to close.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
1. Vowel-ending stems + ๋ฏ๋ก
- ๊ฐ๋ค โ ๊ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ because someone goes
- ์ค๋ค โ ์ค๋ฏ๋ก โ because someone comes / because it rains
- ์ค์ํ๋ค โ ์ค์ํ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is important
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2. Consonant-ending stems except ใน + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก
- ์๋ค โ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ because there is / because someone has
- ์๋ค โ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ because there is not / because someone does not have
- ์ข๋ค โ ์ข์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is good
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3. ใน-ending stems + ๋ฏ๋ก
Keep ใน.
- ๋ฉ๋ค โ ๋ฉ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is far
- ์ด๋ค โ ์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ because someone lives
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4. Nouns + ์ด๋ฏ๋ก
- ํ์ โ ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ because someone is a student
- ๊ณตํด์ผ โ ๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is a public holiday
- ๋ฌด๋ฃ โ ๋ฌด๋ฃ์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is free of charge
๐จ Exception Rules
ใ -irregular verbs/adjectives
Because ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก begins with a vowel sound, many ใ
-irregular stems change ใ
to ์ฐ, then attach ๋ฏ๋ก.
- ์ถฅ๋ค โ ์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is cold
- ์ด๋ ต๋ค โ ์ด๋ ค์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is difficult
- ๋ฏธ๋๋ฝ๋ค โ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฌ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it is slippery
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Past tense
Past tense uses -์/์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
- ๋๋๋ค โ ๋๋ฌ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it ended
- ์๋ฃ๋๋ค โ ์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ because it has been completed
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Do not add ์จ
- โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ
- โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก โ because one does/is...
- โ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ โ by doing...
๐ -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก vs Other Reason Grammar
-(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก
Formal/written reason; good for notices and official language.
- ์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค. โ Since it is dangerous, please do not enter.
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-๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์
Strong, clear reason; neutral and flexible.
- ์ํํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ธ์. โ Because it is dangerous, please do not enter.
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-(์ผ)๋๊น
Useful for spoken reasons before commands, requests, and suggestions.
- ์ํํ๋๊น ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ธ์. โ Since it is dangerous, please do not enter.
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-์์/์ด์
Smooth everyday reason/result.
- ๋น๊ฐ ์์ ๊ธธ์ด ๋งํ์ด์. โ The road was jammed because it rained.
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-(์ผ)๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์
Very formal written โdue to / owing to,โ often heavier than -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก.
- ํญ์ฐ๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ ํผํด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ต๋๋ค. โ Damage occurred due to heavy rain.
๐งญ Formal Writing Note: ํ๋ฏ๋ก vs ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ
This is a major Korean writing pitfall.
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ํ๋ฏ๋ก = because / since
- ๊ทธ๋ ์ฑ์คํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ ๋ขฐํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
[geu-neun seong-sil-ha-meu-ro sil-loe-hal su it-seum-ni-da] โ Since the person is sincere, they can be trusted. ๐ค
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ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ = by doing / by means of doing
- ๊พธ์คํ ์ฐ์ตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋ฉ๋๋ค.
[kku-jun-hi yeon-seu-pa-meu-ro-sseo sil-lyeo-gi hyang-sang-doem-ni-da] โ Skill improves by practicing steadily. ๐
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Quick check:
- reason โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก
- method/means โ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ
๐ Cross-check note
The form and usage of -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก as a connective ending for cause/reason, including the distinction between ํ๋ฏ๋ก and ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, were cross-checked against korean.go.kr. This lesson also connects with The Strong Reason: -๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, Reason for Request: -(์ผ)๋๊น, Reason and Result: ์์ / ์ด์, Formal Reason (Written): -(์ผ)๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์, and By means of: -(์ผ)๋ก์จ. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
These all explain reasons, but they live in different rooms:
- -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก โ because/since; formal written reason ๐๏ธ
- -๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ โ because; clear and flexible ๐ช
- -(์ผ)๋๊น โ since/because; natural before requests and suggestions ๐งญ
- -์์/์ด์ โ because/so; everyday smooth reason ๐
- -(์ผ)๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ โ due to/owing to; very formal written cause ๐ฐ
- ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ โ by doing; method/means, not reason ๐ ๏ธ
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ โ โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก (reason) / ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ (method).
- โ ์๋ฏ๋ก โ โ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก (consonant stem except ใน + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก).
- โ ๋ฉ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ โ ๋ฉ๋ฏ๋ก (ใน-ending stem + ๋ฏ๋ก).
- โ ์ถฅ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ โ ์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก (ใ -irregular).
- โ Using -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก in casual chat everywhere โ โ Use it mainly in formal writing, announcements, rules, and reports.
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๐ Now you can write formal Korean reasons without sounding like a casual text message wandered into a legal notice. -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก unlocked. ๐๏ธโจ
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Fill each blank with the correct formal reason form. Pay attention to consonant stems, vowel stems, ใน-stems, nouns, and ใ
-irregular forms.
1. ์ํํ๋ค โ ์ํ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค.
[wi-heom-ha-da โ wi-heom๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ deu-reo-ga-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is dangerous, please do not enter. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก โ vowel-ending ํ๋ค stem + ๋ฏ๋ก.
2. ์๋ค โ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฝ์ด ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
[it-da โ ja-ri-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ye-ya-gi pi-ryo-ham-ni-da]
Since there are seats, a reservation is necessary. ๐ช
Answer
์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ consonant stem + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
3. ์ข๋ค โ ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํฉ๋๋ค.
[jot-da โ nal-ssi-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ haeng-sa-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da]
Since the weather is good, we will proceed with the event. ๐ค๏ธ
Answer
์ข์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ consonant stem + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
4. ๋ฉ๋ค โ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ญ์์ค.
[meol-da โ geo-ri-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ taek-si-reul i-yong-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the distance is far, please use a taxi. ๐
Answer
๋ฉ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใน-ending stem + ๋ฏ๋ก.
5. ์ถฅ๋ค โ ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ์
์ผ์ญ์์ค.
[chup-da โ nal-ssi-ga ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ tta-tteu-ta-ge i-beu-sip-si-o]
Since the weather is cold, please dress warmly. ๐งฅ
Answer
์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใ
-irregular: ์ถฅ๋ค โ ์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก.
6. ํ์ โ ํ์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ท์น์ ์ง์ผ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
[hak-saeng โ hak-saeng๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gyu-chi-geul ji-kyeo-ya ham-ni-da]
Since you are a student, you must follow the rules. ๐ซ
Answer
ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ noun + ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
7. ์๋ฃ๋๋ค โ ์ ์ฒญ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
[wan-ryo-doe-da โ sin-cheong-i ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ byeon-gyeong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da]
Since the application has been completed, it cannot be changed. โ
Answer
์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ past formal reason.
8. โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ (reason)
Answer
ํ๋ฏ๋ก โ reason form; no ์จ.
9. โ ์๋ฏ๋ก โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ consonant stem + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
10. Choose the reason form:
โ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ
โก ํ๋ฏ๋ก
Answer
โก โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก means โbecause/since one does/is.โ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ means โby doing.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to be dangerous
- ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค โ to enter
- ์๋ฆฌ โ seat
- ์์ฝ โ reservation
- ํ์ํ๋ค โ to be necessary
- ๋ ์จ โ weather
- ์ข๋ค โ to be good
- ํ์ฌ โ event
- ์งํํ๋ค โ to proceed
- ๋ฉ๋ค โ to be far
- ์ถฅ๋ค โ to be cold
- ํ์ โ student
- ์๋ฃ๋๋ค โ to be completed
Tip ๐ก Reason = ํ๋ฏ๋ก. Method = ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns formal notices, rules, and report-style reasons into a full workout. ๐๏ธ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Formal/Written Reason: -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก
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Welcome to the formal-reason workshop. ๐๏ธ Youโll practice turning everyday โbecauseโ ideas into notice-ready Korean that sounds at home in announcements, reports, and rules.
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets when you want to hear a sentence aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the correct formal reason form, then check whether the stem needs ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ด๋ฏ๋ก, or an irregular change.
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Exercise 1 โ Basic Formal Reason Forms ๐๏ธ
A. ์ํํ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค.
[wi-heom-ha๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ deu-reo-ga-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is dangerous, please do not enter. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก โ vowel-ending stem + ๋ฏ๋ก.
B. ์ค์ํ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค.
[jung-yo-ha๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ban-deu-si hwa-gi-na-sip-si-o]
Since it is important, please make sure to check it. ๐
Answer
์ค์ํ๋ฏ๋ก.
C. ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ค๋นํ์ญ์์ค.
[bi-ga o๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ u-sa-neul jun-bi-ha-sip-si-o]
Since it is raining, please prepare an umbrella. โ
Answer
์ค๋ฏ๋ก.
D. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
[ja-ryo-ga it๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hwa-gin-hal su it-seum-ni-da]
Since there are materials, it can be checked. ๐
Answer
์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
E. ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ค ์ฃผ์ญ์์ค.
[ja-ri-ga eop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gi-da-ryeo ju-sip-si-o]
Since there are no seats, please wait. ๐ช
Answer
์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
F. ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์ข๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํฉ๋๋ค.
[nal-ssi-ga jot๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ haeng-sa-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da]
Since the weather is good, we will proceed with the event. ๐ค๏ธ
Answer
์ข์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
G. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ญ์์ค.
[geo-ri-ga meol๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ taek-si-reul i-yong-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the distance is far, please use a taxi. ๐
Answer
๋ฉ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใน-ending stem + ๋ฏ๋ก.
H. ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค์ ์์ญ์์ค.
[sa-ra-mi man๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ju-reul seo-sip-si-o]
Since there are many people, please stand in line. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ง์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
I. ๊ธธ์ด ์ข๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒ์ฒํ ๊ฑธ์ผ์ญ์์ค.
[gi-ri jop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ cheon-cheo-ni geo-reu-sip-si-o]
Since the road is narrow, please walk slowly. ๐ถ
Answer
์ข์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
J. ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ญ์์ค.
[so-ri-ga keu๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jo-sim-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the sound is loud, please be careful. ๐
Answer
ํฌ๋ฏ๋ก โ vowel-ending stem + ๋ฏ๋ก.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to be dangerous
- ์ค์ํ๋ค โ to be important
- ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ค โ to rain
- ์ฐ์ฐ โ umbrella
- ์๋ฃ โ materials/data
- ์๋ค โ to exist / to have
- ์๋ค โ not to exist / not to have
- ์ข๋ค โ to be good
- ๋ฉ๋ค โ to be far
- ๋ง๋ค โ to be many
- ์ข๋ค โ to be narrow
- ํฌ๋ค โ to be big/loud
Tip ๐ก Vowel and ใน stems take ๋ฏ๋ก; most other consonant stems take ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Nouns and Official Notices ๐
A. ๊ณตํด์ผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ์ต๋๋ค.
[gong-hyu-il๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eun-haeng-eun mu-neul dat-seum-ni-da]
Since it is a public holiday, the bank is closed. ๐ฆ
Answer
๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ noun + ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
B. ํ์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ท์น์ ์ง์ผ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
[hak-saeng๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gyu-chi-geul ji-kyeo-ya ham-ni-da]
Since you are a student, you must follow the rules. ๐ซ
Answer
ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
C. ๋ฌด๋ฃ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
[mu-ryo๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ nu-gu-na i-yong-hal su it-seum-ni-da]
Since it is free of charge, anyone can use it. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด๋ฃ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
D. ๋น๋ฐ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ์ ๋งํ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค.
[bi-mil๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ba-kke ma-ra-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is a secret, please do not tell others. ๐คซ
Answer
๋น๋ฐ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
E. ์ค์ํ ์๋ฃ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ณด๊ดํ์ญ์์ค.
[jung-yo-han ja-ryo๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ban-deu-si bo-gwan-ha-sip-si-o]
Since these are important materials, please keep them safely. ๐
Answer
์๋ฃ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
F. ํ์ ์๊ฐ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฆ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค.
[hoe-ui si-gan๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ neut-ji ma-sip-si-o]
Since it is meeting time, please do not be late. ๐ผ
Answer
์๊ฐ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
G. ์ํ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์ฉํ ํด ์ฃผ์ญ์์ค.
[si-heom๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jo-yong-hi hae ju-sip-si-o]
Since it is a test, please be quiet. ๐
Answer
์ํ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
H. ๊ณต์ง ์ฌํญ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ผญ ์ฝ์ด ์ฃผ์ญ์์ค.
[gong-ji sa-hang๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ kkok il-geo ju-sip-si-o]
Since this is a notice, please make sure to read it. ๐ข
Answer
์ฌํญ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
I. ๊ณต์ฌ ์ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
[gong-sa jung๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-yong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da]
Since it is under construction, it cannot be used. ๐ง
Answer
๊ณต์ฌ ์ค์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
J. ํ์ ํญ๋ชฉ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ฑํ์ญ์์ค.
[pil-su hang-mok๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mo-du jak-seong-ha-sip-si-o]
Since it is a required item, please fill everything out. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํญ๋ชฉ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ณตํด์ผ โ public holiday
- ์ํ โ bank
- ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๋ค โ to close
- ํ์ โ student
- ๊ท์น โ rule
- ๋ฌด๋ฃ โ free of charge
- ๋น๋ฐ โ secret
- ์๋ฃ โ materials/data
- ํ์ ์๊ฐ โ meeting time
- ์ํ โ test
- ๊ณต์ง ์ฌํญ โ notice
- ๊ณต์ฌ ์ค โ under construction
- ํ์ ํญ๋ชฉ โ required item
Tip ๐ก Nouns use ์ด๋ฏ๋ก: ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Past Reasons and Irregulars ๐ง
A. ์ ์ฒญ์ด ์๋ฃ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
[sin-cheong-i wan-ryo-doe๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ byeon-gyeong-hal su eop-seum-ni-da]
Since the application has been completed, it cannot be changed. โ
Answer
์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ past formal reason.
B. ์ผ์ ์ด ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค.
[il-jeong-i byeon-gyeong-doe๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hwa-gi-na-sip-si-o]
Since the schedule has been changed, please check it. ๐
Answer
๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
C. ํ์๊ฐ ๋๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํด์ฅํ์ญ์์ค.
[hoe-ui-ga kkeut-na๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ toe-jang-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the meeting has ended, please exit. ๐ช
Answer
๋๋ฌ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
D. ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์ถฅ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ์
์ผ์ญ์์ค.
[nal-ssi-ga chup๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ tta-tteu-ta-ge i-beu-sip-si-o]
Since the weather is cold, please dress warmly. ๐งฅ
Answer
์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใ
-irregular.
E. ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ต๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒ์ฒํ ์ฝ์ผ์ญ์์ค.
[mun-je-ga eo-ryeop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ cheon-cheo-ni il-geu-sip-si-o]
Since the question is difficult, please read slowly. ๐
Answer
์ด๋ ค์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใ
-irregular.
F. ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฏธ๋๋ฝ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ญ์์ค.
[gi-ri mi-kkeu-reop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jo-sim-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the road is slippery, please be careful. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฏธ๋๋ฌ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใ
-irregular.
G. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค๋นํ์ญ์์ค.
[ja-ryo-ga pi-ryo-ha-get๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mi-ri jun-bi-ha-sip-si-o]
Since the materials will probably be necessary, please prepare them in advance. ๐
Answer
ํ์ํ๊ฒ ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ -๊ฒ - + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
H. ์ ์๋๊ป์ ์ค์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ค ์ฃผ์ญ์์ค.
[seon-saeng-nim-kke-seo o-si๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gi-da-ryeo ju-sip-si-o]
Since the teacher is coming, please wait. ๐ฉโ๐ซ
Answer
์ค์๋ฏ๋ก โ honorific -์- + ๋ฏ๋ก.
I. โ ์ถฅ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ์ถฅ๋ค is ใ
-irregular.
J. โ ์ด๋ ต์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
์ด๋ ค์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ์ด๋ ต๋ค is ใ
-irregular.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ์ฒญ โ application
- ์๋ฃ๋๋ค โ to be completed
- ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋๋ค โ to be changed
- ๋๋๋ค โ to end
- ํด์ฅํ๋ค โ to exit
- ์ถฅ๋ค โ to be cold
- ์ด๋ ต๋ค โ to be difficult
- ๋ฏธ๋๋ฝ๋ค โ to be slippery
- ํ์ํ๋ค โ to be necessary
- ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ โ in advance
- ์ค์๋ค โ to come honorifically
Tip ๐ก Past: -์/์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก. ใ
-irregular: ์ถฅ๋ค โ ์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Reason or Method? ํ๋ฏ๋ก vs ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๐ ๏ธ
A. โSince it is important, please check it.โ
โ ์ค์ํ๋ฏ๋ก ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค.
โก ์ค์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค.
Answer
โ โ reason uses ํ๋ฏ๋ก.
B. โBy practicing steadily, skill improves.โ
โ ๊พธ์คํ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋ฉ๋๋ค.
โก ๊พธ์คํ ์ฐ์ตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋ฉ๋๋ค.
Answer
โก โ method/means uses ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ.
C. โSince the person is sincere, they can be trusted.โ
โ ์ฑ์คํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ ๋ขฐํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
โก ์ฑ์คํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ๋ขฐํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
โ โ reason.
D. โBy checking the materials, mistakes can be reduced.โ
โ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ค์๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
โก ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค์๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
โก โ method/means.
E. โSince there is no time, please hurry.โ
โ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์๋๋ฅด์ญ์์ค.
โก ์๊ฐ์ด ์์์ผ๋ก์จ ์๋๋ฅด์ญ์์ค.
Answer
โ โ reason.
F. โBy following the rules, accidents can be prevented.โ
โ ๊ท์น์ ์งํค๋ฏ๋ก ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
โก ๊ท์น์ ์งํด์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
โก โ method/means.
G. โSince it is free, anyone can use it.โ
โ ๋ฌด๋ฃ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
โก ๋ฌด๋ฃ์์ผ๋ก์จ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
โ โ noun reason uses ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
H. โBy reading the notice, details can be known.โ
โ ๊ณต์ง๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์์ธํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
โก ๊ณต์ง๋ฅผ ์ฝ์์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ธํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
โก โ method/means.
I. โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ โ โ
reason:
Answer
ํ๋ฏ๋ก
J. โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ โ โ
method:
Answer
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ
Vocabulary Box
- ์ค์ํ๋ค โ to be important
- ํ์ธํ๋ค โ to check
- ๊พธ์คํ โ steadily
- ์ฐ์ตํ๋ค โ to practice
- ์ค๋ ฅ โ skill
- ํฅ์๋๋ค โ to improve
- ์ฑ์คํ๋ค โ to be sincere/diligent
- ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ค โ to trust
- ์ค์ โ mistake
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ์ฌ๊ณ โ accident
- ์๋ฐฉํ๋ค โ to prevent
Tip ๐ก Reason = ํ๋ฏ๋ก. Method = ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์๋ฏ๋ก ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค. โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์ญ์์ค.
Answer
์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ consonant stem + ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก.
B. โ ๋ฉ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ํ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ญ์์ค. โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ญ์์ค.
Answer
๋ฉ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใน-ending stem + ๋ฏ๋ก.
C. โ ์ถฅ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ์
์ผ์ญ์์ค. โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ์
์ผ์ญ์์ค.
Answer
์ถ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก โ ใ
-irregular.
D. โ ํ์๋ฏ๋ก ๊ท์น์ ์ง์ผ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ท์น์ ์ง์ผ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
Answer
ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ noun + ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
E. โ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ (reason) โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
ํ๋ฏ๋ก โ no ์จ for reason.
F. Choose the formal notice style: โ ์ํํ๋๊น ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ธ์. / โก ์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค.
Answer
โก โ -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก fits formal notice style.
G. Choose the casual spoken style: โ ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ฏ๋ก ์ฐ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ์ญ์์ค. / โก ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋๊น ์ฐ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ์ธ์.
Answer
โก โ -(์ผ)๋๊น is more natural for everyday spoken advice.
H. ์๋ฃ๋๋ค โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก โ past reason.
I. ๊ณตํด์ผ โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ์ต๋๋ค.
Answer
๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก โ noun + ์ด๋ฏ๋ก.
J. -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก is best for:
Answer
formal or written reasons โ notices, reports, announcements, rules, and official explanations.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ค โ to exist / to have
- ๋ฉ๋ค โ to be far
- ์ถฅ๋ค โ to be cold
- ํ์ โ student
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to be dangerous
- ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค โ to enter
- ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ค โ to rain
- ์ฐ์ฐ โ umbrella
- ์๋ฃ๋๋ค โ to be completed
- ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ค โ to change
- ๊ณตํด์ผ โ public holiday
- ์ํ โ bank
Tip ๐ก Final check: formal reason = -(์ผ)๋ฏ๋ก; casual advice = -(์ผ)๋๊น; method = ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ.
ย
๐ Formal reason grammar complete! You can now read and write official-sounding reasons like ์ํํ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ณตํด์ผ์ด๋ฏ๋ก, and ์๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก without mixing them up with ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ. ๐๏ธโจ